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El. knyga: Waves, Particles, and Storms in Geospace: A Complex Interplay

Edited by (Senior Researcher, National Observatory of Athens, Greece), Edited by (Professor, University of Alberta, Canada), Edited by (Professor, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens)
  • Formatas: 320 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 03-Nov-2016
  • Leidėjas: Oxford University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780191015359
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: 320 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 03-Nov-2016
  • Leidėjas: Oxford University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780191015359
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Geospace features highly dynamic populations of charged particles with a wide range of energies from thermal to ultra-relativistic. Influenced by magnetic and electric fields in the terrestrial magnetosphere driven by solar wind forcing; changes in the numbers and energies of these particles lead to a variety of space weather phenomena, some of which are detrimental to space infrastructure. This book presents an overview of the latest discoveries and current scientific understanding of the coupling of electromagnetic waves and charged particles during magnetic storms, and explains the observed dynamics of these particle populations. The book furthermore includes investigations relevant to understanding and forecasting this space environment and the adverse impacts of space weather.

High-energy electrons and ions in the Van Allen radiation belts and the ring current are of particular interest and importance with regard to the operation of space-based technological infrastructure upon which 21st century civilisation increasingly relies. This book presents the latest research on the sources, transport, acceleration and loss of these energetic particle populations, as well as their coupling during geospace magnetic storms.

Recenzijos

Virtually all discussions in this advanced reference book are academic but subjects of practical concern and interest such as the consequences of space weather, solar wind, geomagnetic storms and substorms... are incorporated in many of the chapters. * B. Ishak, Contemporary Physics * This book is essentially for those who wish to conduct serious research on the Van Allen belts and related phenomena and do not know where to start... Recommended. * CHOICE *

List of Contributors
xv
Waves, Particles, and Storms in Geospace: An Introduction 1(14)
Ian R. Mann
Geospace storms and radiation belt dynamics
2(1)
A new era of radiation belt research
3(1)
Wave-particle interactions and their impacts on the radiation belts
4(3)
Coupling between the radiation belts and the neutral atmosphere: potential impact on climate
7(1)
Space plasma physics in the heliosphere
8(1)
Applied heliophysics research: space weather
9(1)
Conclusions and future perspective
10(1)
References
11(4)
1 Wave and Particle Measurements in Earth's Neighborhood: A Historical Mission Overview
15(20)
D. N. Baker
1.1 Introduction
16(1)
1.2 1950s: A new dawn---The "Space Age"
16(2)
1.3 1960s: Our place in space---morphology and plasma domains
18(2)
1.4 1970s: System dynamics---storms and substorms
20(3)
1.5 1980s: Universal processes---reconnection and acceleration
23(3)
1.6 1990s: Follow the energy---solar-terrestrial coupling
26(2)
1.7 2000s: Multiscale phenomena---the telescope-microscope duality
28(2)
1.8 2010s: The Sun-Earth system---space weather and beyond
30(5)
References
32(3)
2 Introduction to Wave-Particle Interactions and their Impact on Energetic Particles in Geospace
35(16)
Kazue Takahashi
Yoshizumi Miyoshi
2.1 Introduction
36(1)
2.2 Impact of wave-particle interaction on electron acceleration and loss
36(2)
2.3 General observational approach to wave-particle interactions
38(1)
2.4 Experimental resources
39(3)
2.5 Example of observational studies of waves and particles
42(4)
2.5.1 ULF wave-particle interaction
42(1)
2.5.2 Two-spacecraft measurements of wave propagation
43(1)
2.5.3 Ground-satellite observation of EMIC waves, aurora, and particle precipitation
44(2)
2.5.4 Nonlinear wave-particle interactions
46(1)
2.6 Summary
46(5)
Acknowledgments
47(1)
References
47(4)
3 Geospace Magnetic Storms and the Van Allen Radiation Belts
51(29)
Geoffrey D. Reeves
Ioannis A. Daglis
3.1 Introduction
52(1)
3.2 Electron motion in Earth's radiation belts
53(2)
3.3 Effects of geospace magnetic storms on the radiation belts
55(6)
3.4 Local acceleration and radial diffusion
61(5)
3.5 Phase space density gradients
66(3)
3.6 Studies with the Van Allen Probes: insights into the effects of wave-particle interactions and the ring current influence
69(3)
3.7 Summary
72(8)
Acknowledgments
72(1)
References
73(7)
4 The Role of Pc-5 ULF Waves in the Radiation Belts: Current Understanding and Open Questions
80(22)
Scot R. Elkington
Theodore E. Sarris
4.1 The role of Pc-5 waves in the radiation belts
80(3)
4.2 Questions: Quantitative determination of transport rates
83(12)
4.2.1 What is the power spectrum as a function of frequency?
83(2)
4.2.2 What is the radial profile of the ULF activity?
85(2)
4.2.3 What is the azimuthal mode structure?
87(4)
4.2.4 What is the azimuthal extent?
91(1)
4.2.5 What is the propagation direction?
92(2)
4.2.6 What is the origin of the waves?
94(1)
4.3 Conclusions and future possibilities
95(7)
Acknowledgments
96(1)
References
97(5)
5 Modeling the Energetic Particles of the Inner Magnetosphere
102(46)
S. Bourdarie
V. K. Jordanova
M. Liemohn
T. P. O'Brien
5.1 Background
103(5)
5.1.1 Trapped particle transport theory
104(4)
5.2 Modeling ring current particles
108(12)
5.2.1 Kinetic ring current models
110(5)
5.2.2 Self-consistent models
115(5)
5.3 Modeling radiation belt particles
120(28)
5.3.1 3D diffusion model
120(6)
5.3.2 Radiation specification models
126(12)
Acknowledgments
138(1)
References
139(9)
6 Monitoring ULF Waves from Low Earth Orbit Satellites
148(22)
Georgios Balasis
Constantinos Papadimitriou
Eftyhia Zesta
Viacheslav Pilipenko
6.1 Introduction
149(1)
6.2 Methods and techniques
150(3)
6.3 Studies of ULF wave observations from LEO
153(7)
6.3.1 Pc1 wave observations
153(2)
6.3.2 Pi1 bursts
155(1)
6.3.3 Pc3 wave observations
155(3)
6.3.4 Pi2 wave observations
158(1)
6.3.5 Doppler effect on LEO observations
158(2)
6.4 Modeling the relationship between the ULF compressional disturbance above the ionosphere and ground signal
160(3)
6.5 Discussion: prospects of further studies
163(7)
Acknowledgments
166(1)
References
166(4)
7 Monitoring Magnetospheric Waves from the Ground
170(22)
Colin Waters
Fred Menk
7.1 Overview of instrumentation and techniques
171(3)
7.2 Remote sensing geospace using data from ground magnetometer arrays
174(2)
7.2.1 Data analysis techniques
174(1)
7.2.2 Remote sensing plasma mass density in space
175(1)
7.3 Space weather applications
176(10)
7.3.1 Remote sensing Pc5 electric fields
176(2)
7.3.2 Latitude and local time dependence of Pc5 power
178(1)
7.3.3 Storm-time Pc5 activity and indices
179(2)
7.3.4 ULF Waves in the ionosphere
181(2)
7.3.5 Favoured frequencies in the Pc5 band
183(1)
7.3.6 Pc3 waves and indices
184(2)
7.4 Summary
186(6)
Acknowledgments
187(1)
References
187(5)
8 Chorus Waves in Geospace and their Influence on Radiation Belt Dynamics
192(25)
Jacob Bortnik
Richard M. Thorne
Wen Li
Xin Tao
8.1 Introduction
193(1)
8.2 Characteristics of chorus waves
194(3)
8.3 Introduction to resonant wave particle interactions
197(4)
8.4 Modes of interaction
201(11)
8.4.1 Quasi-linear diffusion
204(2)
8.4.2 Nonlinear wave-particle interactions
206(6)
8.5 Summary and conclusions
212(5)
References
212(5)
9 Wave-Driven Diffusion in Radiation Belt Dynamics
217(27)
Richard B. Horne
Nigel P. Meredith
Sarah A. Glauert
Tobias Kersten
9.1 Introduction
218(3)
9.2 Magnetospheric plasma waves
221(8)
9.2.1 Plasmaspheric hiss
222(3)
9.2.2 Chorus
225(2)
9.2.3 EMIC waves
227(1)
9.2.4 Magnetosonic waves
228(1)
9.3 Global simulations
229(7)
9.3.1 Diffusion rates
230(1)
9.3.2 Comparison with data
231(5)
9.4 Discussion and conclusions
236(8)
Acknowledgments
237(1)
References
238(6)
10 Understanding the Role of EMIC Waves in Radiation Belt and Ring Current Dynamics: Recent Advances
244(33)
Maria E. Usanova
Ian R. Mann
10.1 Introduction
245(2)
10.2 EMIC wave excitation in the inner magnetosphere
247(13)
10.2.1 Physical generation mechanisms for compression-related EMIC waves
248(5)
10.2.2 Effect of solar wind dynamic pressure and enhanced cold plasma density on EMIC wave generation
253(4)
10.2.3 Radial and MET extent of EMIC waves
257(3)
10.3 Role of EMIC waves in energetic particle loss
260(9)
10.3.1 Role in ion precipitation into the atmosphere
262(3)
10.3.2 Role in radiation belt electron precipitation
265(4)
10.4 Discussion and conclusions
269(8)
Acknowledgments
271(1)
References
271(6)
11 Multi-dimensional Analysis of Whistler-mode Waves in the Radiation Belt Region
277(19)
O. Santolik
11.1 Introduction
278(1)
11.2 Analysis methods
278(7)
11.2.1 Plane wave techniques
278(4)
11.2.2 Wave distribution function
282(2)
11.2.3 Instantaneous amplitude, phase, frequency, and wave vector direction
284(1)
11.3 Examples of results
285(7)
11.3.1 Plane wave techniques and wave distribution function methods for onboard-analyzed spectral data from the Cluster spacecraft
285(4)
11.3.2 Example of waveform measurements from the Van Allen Probes EMFISIS instrument: plane wave techniques and instantaneous wave parameters
289(3)
11.4 Conclusions
292(4)
Acknowledgments
293(1)
References
293(3)
12 Extreme Variability of Relativistic Electrons in Earth's Outer Radiation Belt: An Overview and Recent Revelations
296(37)
D. L. Turner
V. Angelopoulos
12.1 Introduction
297(2)
12.2 Physical processes that can drive extreme outer belt variability
299(11)
12.2.1 Sources
300(4)
12.2.2 Losses
304(3)
12.2.3 Transport
307(3)
12.3 Recent multipoint observational examples of extreme outer belt variability
310(12)
12.3.1 Outer belt enhancements
310(7)
12.3.2 Outer belt depletions
317(3)
12.3.3 Complex outer belt structures: remnant belts
320(2)
12.4 Outstanding questions and topics for future work
322(3)
12.4.1 Concerning sources
323(1)
12.4.2 Concerning losses
323(1)
12.4.3 Concerning transport
324(1)
12.5 Conclusions
325(8)
Acknowledgments
326(1)
References
326(7)
13 Flux Enhancement of Relativistic Electrons Associated with Substorms
333(21)
Y. Miyoshi
R. Kataoka
Y. Ebihara
13.1 Introduction
334(1)
13.2 Solar wind parameter dependence
334(5)
13.3 Physics behind the solar wind parameter dependence
339(7)
13.4 Role of continuous substorm activities in the cross-energy coupling process
346(3)
13.5 Summary
349(5)
Acknowledgments
349(1)
References
350(4)
14 Linkages Between the Radiation Belts, Polar Atmosphere and Climate: Electron Precipitation Through Wave Particle Interactions
354(23)
M. A. Clilverd
C. J. Rodger
M. E. Andersson
A. Seppala
P. T. Verronen
14.1 Introduction
355(1)
14.2 Overview of coupling process
356(2)
14.3 Waves driving precipitation
358(2)
14.4 Variations in precipitation
360(2)
14.5 Atmospheric impact of electron precipitation
362(7)
14.5.1 Odd nitrogen
363(2)
14.5.2 Odd Hydrogen
365(4)
14.6 Linkages to polar surface climate
369(8)
14.6.1 Influence on polar climate
370(3)
14.6.2 Possible significance to regional weather variability
373(1)
Acknowledgments
374(1)
References
374(3)
15 Energetic Particles and Waves in the Outer Planet Radiation Belts
377(34)
N. Krupp
E. Roussos
C. Paranicas
A. Sicard
G. Hospodarsky
Y. Shprits
15.1 Introduction
377(3)
15.2 Charged particles
380(15)
15.2.1 Jupiter
380(6)
15.2.2 Saturn
386(3)
15.2.3 Modelling of charged particles in the Jovian and Kronian radiation belts
389(6)
15.3 Plasma waves
395(7)
15.3.1 Jupiter observations
395(1)
15.3.2 Saturn observations
396(3)
15.3.3 Modelling wave-particle interaction
399(3)
15.4 Future missions to the outer planets
402(9)
Acknowledgments
403(1)
References
403(8)
16 Fields and Waves Influencing Radiation Belt Dynamics---Results from the Van Allen Probes Mission
411(14)
C. A. Kletzing
16.1 Introduction
411(2)
16.2 Instrumentation
413(1)
16.3 Van Allen Probes mission goals
413(1)
16.4 Whistler mode waves
414(4)
16.4.1 Chorus emissions
414(3)
16.4.2 Plasmaspheric hiss
417(1)
16.5 Low frequency waves
418(4)
16.5.1 EMIC waves
418(2)
16.5.2 ULF waves
420(1)
16.5.3 Alfven waves
421(1)
16.6 Global electric and magnetic fields
422(1)
16.7 Conclusion
422(3)
Acknowledgment
423(1)
References
423(2)
17 An Overview of Early Results from the Radiation Belt Storm Probes Energetic Particle, Composition, and Thermal Plasma Suite on NASA's Van Allen Probes Mission
425(18)
Harlan E. Spence
Geoff D. Reeves
Ramona Kessel
17.1 Introduction to mission science
426(1)
17.2 Mission design
427(1)
17.3 Representative examples of early mission science
428(11)
17.3.1 Understanding the characteristics and sources of the electron radiation belt
429(5)
17.3.2 Understanding the specific physical candidate processes which lead to radiation belt dynamics
434(2)
17.3.3 Understanding the VLF, ELF, and ULF wave effects that control dynamics
436(3)
17.4 Summary
439(4)
Acknowledgments
440(1)
References
440(3)
Index 443
Georgios Balasis is a senior researcher of the Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing (IAASARS) at the National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Greece. He received a BSc in Physics from the of University of Athens (Greece), followed by an MSc in Geophysics from the University of Edinburgh (UK), an MSc in Condensed Matter Physics and a PhD in Applied Electromagnetism both from the University of Athens. From 2002 to 2006 he was the specialist for global electromagnetic induction in the CHAMP satellite team at GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam (Germany). Dr. Balasis continues to be involved in magnetic satellite missions, in particular as member of the Validation Team of the Swarm satellite mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) and principal investigator of the Swarm Mission Science Exploration. His primary interest lies in Space Physics, with a focus on the dynamics of the magnetosphere and space weather forecasting.

Ioannis A. Daglis is a professor in the Department of Physics at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece. Before his appointment at the University of Athens, he was the Director of the Institute for Space Applications and Remote Sensing for six years (2006-2012) and the Director of the Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing for one year (2012-2013). His scientific expertise pertains to solar system astrophysics and space applications. Prof. Daglis graduated from the Physics Department of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. He worked on his PhD in Space Plasma Electrodynamics at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (Germany) and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (USA) under the supervision of the late Prof. Sir W. Ian Axford.

Ian R. Mann is a professor in the Department of Physics at the University of Alberta, Canada, and was a Canada Research Chair in Space Physics from 2003-13. His research specialises in the study of the impacts of the sun on near-Earth space, including being an expert in the study of ultra-low frequency plasma waves and their impacts on energetic particle dynamics, including on the radiation belts, ring current, as well as and energy transport in the coupled geospace system and in relation to the generation of the aurora. He obtained his PhD in Applied Mathematics from the University of St. Andrews U.K., following receipt of a degree in Physics with Astrophysics from the University of Birmingham, U.K. He worked as a post-doctoral researcher at the University of London, U.K., and the University of Alberta, Canada, and was awarded a UK NSERC Post-Doctoral Fellowship. He worked as a Lecturer at the University of York, U.K. from before joining the faculty at the University of Alberta, Canada.