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El. knyga: West Greenlandic: An Essential Grammar

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"This grammar provides a clear and comprehensive overview of contemporary West Greenlandic. It follows a systematic order of topics beginning with the alphabet and phonology, continuing with nominal and verbal morphology and syntax, and concluding with more advanced topics such as complex sentences and word formation. Grammatical points are illustrated with authentic examples reflecting current life in Greenland. Grammatical terminology is explained fully for the benefit of readers without a background in linguistics. Features include: Full grammatical breakdowns of all examples for ease of identifying individual components of complex words; Detailed contents list and index for easy access to information; An alphabetical list of the most commonly used West Greenlandic suffixes; A glossary of grammatical abbreviations used in the volume. The book is suitable for a wide range of users, including independent and classroom-based learners of West Greenlandic as well as linguists and anyone with an interest inGreenland's official language"--

This grammar provides a clear and comprehensive overview of contemporary West Greenlandic. It follows a systematic order of topics beginning with the alphabet and phonology, continuing with nominal and verbal morphology and syntax, and concluding with more advanced topics such as complex sentences and word formation.



This grammar provides a clear and comprehensive overview of contemporary West Greenlandic. It follows a systematic order of topics beginning with the alphabet and phonology, continuing with nominal and verbal morphology and syntax, and concluding with more advanced topics such as complex sentences and word formation. Grammatical points are illustrated with authentic examples reflecting current life in Greenland. Grammatical terminology is explained fully for the benefit of readers without a background in linguistics.

Features include:

  • Full grammatical breakdowns of all examples for ease of identifying individual components of complex words

  • Detailed contents list and index for easy access to information

  • An alphabetical list of the most commonly used West Greenlandic suffixes

  • A glossary of grammatical abbreviations used in the volume

The book is suitable for a wide range of users, including independent and classroom-based learners of West Greenlandic as well as linguists and anyone with an interest in Greenland’s official language.

Acknowledgements xii
List of abbreviations
xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(16)
1.1 Greenlandic within the Eskimo-Aleut language family
1(2)
1.2 Greenlandic language varieties
3(1)
1.3 Historical and sociolinguistic introduction to West Greenlandic
4(5)
1.3.1 Early history of Greenlandic
4(1)
1.3.2 History of written West Greenlandic
4(1)
1.3.3 Contemporary West Greenlandic
5(3)
1.3.4 Aspects of Greenlandic culture
8(1)
1.4 Characteristic features of West Greenlandic
9(3)
1.5 How to use this grammar
12(5)
1.5.1 Overall approach
12(1)
1.5.2 Dictionary forms of words
12(1)
1.5.3 Additive and truncative suffixes
12(1)
1.5.4 Examples of grammatical points
13(1)
1.5.5 Glossing
13(4)
Chapter 2 Phonology and orthography
17(14)
2.1 The alphabet
17(1)
2.2 Vowels
17(2)
2.3 Consonants
19(3)
2.4 Syllables, stress, and intonation
22(1)
2.5 Morphophonological variation
23(7)
2.5.1 Consonant changes
23(2)
2.5.2 Vowel changes
25(1)
2.5.3 Helping vowel -i-
26(1)
2.5.4 Loss of glides (j and v)
27(1)
2.5.5 Stem types
27(1)
2.5.6 Sound alternation in the beginning of suffixes
28(2)
2.6 Kleinschmidt's orthography
30(1)
Chapter 3 Nouns
31(56)
3.1 Case and number
31(1)
3.2 Noun stem types
32(16)
3.2.1 Weak stems
33(1)
3.2.2 Weak stems with gemination
34(2)
3.2.3 Additional weak-stem patterns
36(2)
3.2.4 Weak t-stems
38(2)
3.2.5 Strong stems
40(1)
3.2.6 Extra-strong q-stems: word-final q > r
40(1)
3.2.7 Strong q-stems: word-final -q disappears or becomes -r
41(1)
3.2.8 Strong stems in -aq > -ap and -at
41(1)
3.2.9 Strong stems with nasalisation
42(1)
3.2.10 Strong stems with metathesis
43(3)
3.2.11 Strong k-stems
46(1)
3.2.12 Strong k-stems with extra -a- in the grammatical cases
47(1)
3.3 Function of cases
48(16)
3.3.1 Absolutive
48(1)
3.3.2 Relative
49(1)
3.3.3 Allative
50(1)
3.3.4 Locative
51(1)
3.3.5 Ablative
52(2)
3.3.6 Instrumental
54(6)
3.3.7 Prolative
60(3)
3.3.8 Equative
63(1)
3.4 Possessive inflection
64(21)
3.4.1 Possessive absolutive
64(4)
3.4.2 Possessive relative
68(3)
3.4.3 Possessive allative
71(2)
3.4.4 Possessive locative
73(3)
3.4.5 Possessive ablative
76(2)
3.4.6 Possessive instrumental
78(3)
3.4.7 Possessive prolative
81(2)
3.4.8 Possessive equative
83(2)
3.5 Collective suffixes
85(2)
Chapter 4 Pronouns
87(18)
4.1 Personal
87(3)
4.2 Demonstrative
90(3)
4.3 Interrogative
93(3)
4.4 Reflexive
96(2)
4.5 Reciprocal
98(2)
4.6 Other
100(5)
Chapter 5 Numerals
105(14)
5.1 Cardinal
105(9)
5.2 Ordinal
114(5)
Chapter 6 Noun modification (= adjectives)
119(23)
6.1 Attributive modifiers
119(10)
6.2 Predicative modifiers
129(3)
6.3 Comparison
132(10)
6.3.1 Comparative
132(3)
6.3.2 Superlative
135(7)
Chapter 7 Verbs
142(106)
7.1 Person and number
142(2)
7.1.1 Subject suffixes
142(1)
7.1.2 Object suffixes
143(1)
7.2 Mood
144(46)
7.2.1 Independent/main moods
145(20)
7.2.2 Subordinate moods
165(25)
7.3 Tense
190(11)
7.3.1 Present tense
190(1)
7.3.2 Past tense
191(4)
7.3.3 Future tense
195(6)
7.4 Aspect
201(4)
7.4.1 Completed
201(1)
7.4.2 Habitual
201(3)
7.4.3 Inchoative
204(1)
7.5 Modality
205(2)
7.6 Evidentiality
207(3)
7.7 Causativity
210(3)
7.8 Reflexivity and reciprocity
213(2)
7.8.1 Reflexivity
213(1)
7.8.2 Reciprocity
214(1)
7.9 Passivity
215(4)
7.10 Valency
219(5)
7.11 Negation
224(24)
7.11.1 Basic negative suffixes
224(16)
7.11.2 Negative suffixes with more specific meanings
240(3)
7.11.3 Negative intransitive participle
243(1)
7.11.4 Negative indefinite pronouns and adverbs
244(1)
7.11.5 Periphrastic negative constructions
245(3)
Chapter 8 Participles
248(14)
8.1 Intransitive participle
248(4)
8.2 Passive participle
252(5)
8.3 Abstract participle
257(5)
Chapter 9 Adverbs
262(19)
9.1 Manner
262(4)
9.2 Time
266(4)
9.3 Place and direction
270(2)
9.4 Degree, measure, and quantity
272(6)
9.5 Modal
278(1)
9.6 Interrogative
279(2)
Chapter 10 Postpositions
281(10)
10.1 Place and direction
281(4)
10.2 Time
285(3)
10.3 Other
288(3)
Chapter 11 Conjunctions
291(2)
11.1 Coordinating
291(1)
11.2 Subordinating
292(1)
Chapter 12 Particles
293(4)
12.1 Discourse particles and interjections
293(1)
12.2 Enclitic particles
294(3)
Chapter 13 Suffixes
297(4)
13.1 Suffix types
297(1)
13.2 Order of suffixes
298(3)
Chapter 14 Phrases, clauses, and sentences
301(32)
14.1 Basic word order
301(2)
14.2 Incorporation
303(8)
14.2.1 Incorporated predicative
303(2)
14.2.2 Incorporated direct object
305(3)
14.2.3 Incorporated noun in oblique cases
308(3)
14.3 Definiteness
311(1)
14.4 Clause types
312(13)
14.4.1 Copular
312(1)
14.4.2 Intransitive
313(2)
14.4.3 Transitive
315(1)
14.4.4 Half-transitive
316(1)
14.4.5 Double transitive
316(1)
14.4.6 Existential
317(2)
14.4.7 Possessive
319(4)
14.4.8 Impersonal
323(1)
14.4.9 Interrogative
324(1)
14.5 Complex sentences
325(8)
14.5.1 Adverbial
325(5)
14.5.2 Relative
330(2)
14.5.3 Complement
332(1)
List of essential suffixes 333(4)
Suggested resources 337(2)
Index 339
Lily Kahn is Professor of Hebrew and Jewish Languages at University College London (UCL). Her research areas include endangered and minority languages, as well as translation studies. She is co-editor with Riitta-Liisa Valijärvi of two UCL Press book series, Grammars of World and Minority Languages and Textbooks of World and Minority Languages.

Riitta-Liisa Valijärvi is Associate Professor of Finnish and Minority Languages at UCL and Senior Lecturer in Finnish and Finno-Ugric Languages at Uppsala University, Sweden. Her research interests include endangered and minority languages, language pedagogy, and song lyrics. Relevant publications include Finnish Tutor (2017) and North Sįmi: An Essential Grammar (with Lily Kahn; Routledge, 2017).
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