Discussing the latest processes involved in researching yield generation, Wheat: Ecology and Physiology of Yield Determination, and Process will help you design various types of crop production systems for maximum yield. Featuring information on developing high-yielding, low-input, and quality-oriented systems, this book offers you both physiological and ecological approaches that will help you understand the crop as well as increase its production.
Discussing the latest processes involved in researching yield generation, Wheat: Ecology and Physiology of Yield Determination will help you design various types of crop production systems for maximum yield. Featuring information on developing high-yielding, low-input, and quality-oriented systems, this book offers you both physiological and ecological approaches that will help you understand the crop as well as increase its production.
Discussing aspects of wheat growth for specific regions around the world, Wheat provides you with information that will improve the size and quality of your crops, including:
- how temperature, vernalization, and the photoperiod affect the development of wheat
- using the correct amount of nitrogen fertilizers for wheat crops
- an explanation of the reproduction and nitrogen cycles of wheat
- how elements and conditions such as lipids, proteins, nitrogen, and climate enhance grain quality
- estimating and determining optimal sowing dates
- examining factors that may affect wheat yield-density relationships, such as planting arrangement and date of sowing
- preventing seed decay and examining effects of mildews and leaf blights
- examining historical trends of the crop to see what further research needs to be done
You'll also receive information on the genetic gains in wheat research that are improving the physiological traits and numerical components of this essential grain. Within Wheat, you'll find data and methods from international experts in the field that will improve the yield and growth of the world's most important crop.About the Editors xiii Contributors xv Preface xix PART I: WHEAT PHYSIOLOGY An Introduction to the to the Physiological-Ecological Analysis of Wheat Yield 3(10) Gustavo A. Slafer Emilio H. Satorre Worldwide Importance of Wheat 3(7) A Niche for This Book 10(1) Objectives 11(2) Wheat Development 13(32) Daniel J. Miralles Gustavo A. Slafer Introduction 13(3) Dynamics of Initiation and Appearance of Vegetative and Reproductive Organs 16(7) Effects of Major Factors on the Duration of Developmental Phase 23(10) Conclusion 33(12) Physiological and Numerical Components of Wheat Yield 45(22) James R. Frederick Philip J. Bauer Introduction 45(1) Factors Affecting Kernel Number 46(3) Factors Affecting Individual Kernel Weight 49(8) Summary and Strategies for Future Yield Improvement 57(10) Nitrogen As Determinant of Wheat Growth and Yield 67(18) Basilio Borghi Introduction 67(1) Nitrogen in the Soil 67(2) Nitrogen Metabolism in the Plant 69(2) Nitrogen Effects at the Plant and Crop Level 71(2) Optimization of Nitrogen Fertilization 73(3) Water Supply and Nitrogen Assimilation 76(1) Genetic Aspects of Nitrogen Nutrition 77(8) Grain Quality and Its Physiological Determinants 85(38) Peter J. Stone Roxana Savin Introduction 85(2) What Makes Wheat So Special? -The Wheat Proteins 87(10) The Nonprotein Components of the Wheat Grain 97(3) How Do Wheat Grains Grow? 100(7) Grain Quality Is the Result of Interactions Between Grain Components 107(7) Conclusion 114(9) PART II: WHEAT ECOLOGY Effects of Sowing Date and the Determination of Optimum Sowing Date 123(18) Mike D. Dennett Introduction 123(1) Sowing and Establishment 124(1) Growth and Development 125(1) Maturation and Harvest 126(1) Experimental Estimation of Optimum Sowing Dates 127(1) Wheat in England 128(3) Wheat in Australia 131(1) Other Regions 132(1) Determination of Optimal Sowing Dates 133(8) Plant Density and Distribution as Modifiers of Growth and Yield 141(20) Emilio H. Satorre Introduction 141(1) Ecophysiological Basis of Density Response 142(5) The Effect of Resources on Crop Density Response 147(2) The Effect of Sowing Date and Plant Arrangement 149(3) Mathematical Relationships Between Plant Yield and Density 152(2) Concluding Remarks 154(7) Wheat Yield As Affected by Weeds 161(22) Robert J. Froud-Williams Introduction 161(1) Weeds of Wheat 161(1) Yield Losses 162(2) Competition 164(6) Justification for Weed Removal 170(1) Effects on Yield Components and Grain Quality 171(1) Phytotoxic Effects of Herbicides 172(11) Wheat Growth, Yield, and Quality As Affected by Insect Herbivores 183(46) Victor O. Sadras Alberto Fereres Roger H. Ratcliffe Introduction 183(2) Yield Responses to Herbivory 185(1) Functional Classification of Herbivores 186(1) Key Pests 187(18) Other Pests 205(2) Population-Level Responses to Herbivory 207(4) Concluding Remarks 211(18) Wheat Yield As Affected by Diseases 229(10) Erlei Melo Reis Carlos A. Medeiros Marta M. Casa Blum Introduction 229(1) Physiological Processes Interrupted by Wheat Pathogens 229(6) Diversion of Foodstuffs to Abnormal Uses (Bunt and Smuts) 235(1) Scab--An Exception 236(3) Wheat As a Polyculture Component 239(24) Santiago J. Sarandon Introduction 239(2) How to Measure Intercropping Performance 241(3) Effect of Mixtures on Plant Diseases 244(3) Effect of Mixtures on Resource Use 247(5) Effect of Mixtures on Grain Quality 252(1) Intercropping Wheat with Other Species 253(1) The Evaluation of Genotypes for Intercropping 254(1) Future Research Needs 255(1) Concluding Remarks 255(8) PART III: WHEAT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Wheat Production in the Great Plains of North America 263(14) William R. Raun Gordon V. Johnson Robert L. Westerman Jeffory A. Hattey Introduction 263(1) Description of Wheat Production Systems 264(7) Technological Factors That have Increased Grain Yields in This Century 271(1) Transformation of Wheat Production Systems in the Future 272(5) Wheat Cropping in Australia 277(18) Ralph A. Fischer Introduction 277(1) Wheat Climate and Soils 277(3) Historic Changes in Wheat Yield 280(3) Recent Changes in Wheat Yield 283(1) Current Situation of Wheat Farming 284(3) Challenges to Productivity Gain 287(3) Wheat Research and Extension 290(1) Future Perspectives 291(4) Wheat Production in Mediterranean Environments 295(38) Edmundo H. Acevedo Paola C. Silva Hernan R. Silva Boris R. Solar The Mediterranean Climate 295(1) Wheat in Mediterranean Environments 295(11) Rotations 306(4) Germplasm 310(13) Concluding Remarks 323(10) Wheat Production Systems of the Pampas 333(18) Emilio H. Satorre Gustavo A. Slafer Introduction 333(2) Climate and Soils: Major Constraints for Wheat Production 335(2) Wheat Production Systems 337(6) Future Perspectives 343(8) PART IV: BREEDING TO FURTHER RAISE WHEAT YIELDS Genetic Gains in Wheat Yield and Associated Physiological Changes During the Twentieth Century 351(28) Daniel F. Calderini Matthew P. Reynolds Gustavo A. Slafer Introduction 351(1) Plant Breeding and Genetic Gains in Grain Yield 352(3) Consequences of Breeding for Plant Height and Related Traits 355(2) Plant Breeding and Biomass: Effects on Partitioning and Growth 357(8) Genetic Improvements in Nitrogen and Phosphorus Economies 365(3) Numerical Yield Components in Old and Modern Cultivars 368(4) Conclusion 372(7) Physiological Traits That Increase the Yield Potential of Wheat 379(38) Gustavo A. Slafer Jose L. Araus Richard A. Richards Introduction 379(2) Identifying Promising Traits 381(14) Selecting for Promising Traits 395(6) Concluding Remarks 401(16) Breeding hybrid Wheat for Low-Yielding Environments 417(24) Jori P. Jordaan Introduction 417(1) Genotype-Stress Interaction 417(4) The Hybrid Profile 421(1) Genetic Diversity is Paramount 421(2) Intrapopulation Improvement 423(5) Selection Within the Male Pool 428(1) Heterosis and Plant Population X Row Width Interactions 428(2) Hybrid Yield, Stability, and Response to Yield 430(2) The Ideal Hybrid 432(9) Actual and Potential Contributions of Biotechnology to Wheat Breeding 441(20) Robert M. D. Koebner John W. Snape Introduction 441(1) Molecular Markers, Maps, and Their Application 442(8) Introgression of ``Alien Genes into Wheat by Chromosome Engineering 450(4) Genetic Engineering of Wheat 454(2) Conclusion 456(5) Author Index 461(24) Subject Index 485
E H Satorre, Gustavo A Slafer
