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Winchester, a City in the Making [Minkštas viršelis]

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  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 391 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 15-Jun-2011
  • Leidėjas: Oxford Archaeology
  • ISBN-10: 0904220648
  • ISBN-13: 9780904220643
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Winchester, a City in the MakingDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 391 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 15-Jun-2011
  • Leidėjas: Oxford Archaeology
  • ISBN-10: 0904220648
  • ISBN-13: 9780904220643
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9780904220643.html
Raktažodžiai:
The last 60 years have seen extensive research into the past of Winchester and its environs through its exceptional surviving documentary records, its standing historic buildings and its rich archaeological remains. This work has been conducted by leading historians and archaeologists and one of the UK's most dedicated city-based excavation and museums services, supported by untold numbers of volunteers. Much of the archaeological excavation since 1990 has been undertaken by a multitude of professional archaeological companies. This volume presents the results of two of the largest archaeological excavations, undertaken by Oxford Archaeology, to have been conducted in the city. Redevelopment at Northgate House and the Winchester Lending Library provided a rare opportunity for archaeological investigation of a significant multi-period site within the historic core of the city. The report presents evidence from all the major phases of change that the area has seen over the last 2,600 years. It is hoped that this work will make a significant contribution to the existing body of knowledge for the city and for urban studies generally.

The last 60 years have seen extensive research into the past of Winchester and its environs through its exceptional surviving documentary records, its standing historic buildings and its rich archaeological remains.
List of Figures
xiii
List of Plates
xvi
List of Tables
xix
Digital Contents xxi
Summary xxiii
Acknowledgements xiv
Chapter 1 Introduction
Ben M Ford
The Projects
1(2)
General Introduction To The Projects
1(1)
The Archives
1(1)
The Structure Of The Report
1(2)
Location
3(2)
Geology And Topography
5(1)
The Historical And Archaeological Setting
6(13)
Background
6(1)
The Pre-Roman Period
7(3)
The Roman Period
10(1)
The Post-Roman: Early And Middle Saxon Periods
11(1)
The Late Saxon Period
12(1)
Post-Norman Conquest: The Anglo-Norman And Medieval Periods
12(1)
The Project Area From Medieval Documentary Sources
13(5)
The Project Area From The Archaeological Sources
18(1)
The Post-Medieval And Modern Periods
19(1)
The Archaeological Mitigation Process
19(10)
General
19(2)
Site Specific Strategies
21(1)
The Northgate House Site And The Archaeological Mitigation Strategy
21(3)
The Discovery Centre Site And The Archaeological Mitigation Strategy
24(1)
Fieldwork
25(1)
Historic Building Recording
25(1)
Open Area Excavation
25(1)
Watching Brief
25(1)
General Comment On Stratigraphic Recording And Harris Matrices
25(1)
General Comment On The In Situ Preservation Of Archaeological Remains
25(4)
Post-Excavation
29(1)
The Approach To Post-Excavation And The Archives
29(1)
The Research Framework
29(1)
The Pre-Roman Period
29(1)
The Roman Period
29(1)
The Late Saxon Period
29(1)
The Anglo-Norman And Medieval Periods
29(1)
Dating, Phasing And Grouping: Stratigraphy, Artefactual And Ecofactual Evidence, And Scientific Dating
30(1)
Grouping
31(1)
Summary Of Results: Deposit Survival, Site Phases And The Sequence Of Land Use
31(1)
Phase 1 Pre-Roman
31(1)
Phase 1.1 Early Iron Age
31(1)
Phases 1.2 And 1.3 Middle - Late Iron Age
31(3)
Phase 2.1 Early Roman
34(1)
Phase 2.2 Middle Roman
34(1)
Phase 2.3 Late Roman
34(1)
Phase 2.4 And 3 Latest Roman And Early-Mid Saxon
34(1)
Phase 4.1 Earliest Late Saxon
34(1)
Phase 4.2 Later Late Saxon
34(1)
Phase 5 Anglo-Norman
34(1)
Phase 6 Medieval
35(1)
Phase 7 Post-Medieval
35(1)
Phase 8 Modern
35(2)
Chapter 2 Prehistoric And Roman Evidence
Lisa Brown
Edward Biddulph
Geology And Topography
37(1)
The Prehistoric Settlement (Phase 1)
37(3)
Lisa Brown
Introduction
37(3)
Phase 1.1 (C 700-400 Bc): Early Iron Age Roundhouses
40(5)
Structure Nh8502
41(1)
Structure Nh8508
42(3)
Phase 1.2 (C 400-100 Bc): Middle Iron Age Roundhouses
45(3)
Structure Nh8507
45(1)
Structure Nh8509
45(1)
Structure Nh8504
45(1)
Structure Nh8505
45(1)
Structure Nh8506
45(1)
Environmental Remains From The Middle Iron Age Structures
46(1)
Holloway Cc7000
47(1)
Undated Features (Phase 1)
48(1)
Phase 1.3 (C 100 Bc-Ad 43): Late Iron Age Subsoil
48(1)
The Roman Occuption (Phase 2)
48(2)
Edward Biddulph
Introduction
48(2)
Phase 2.1 (C Ad 43-130/50): Early Roman Structures, Street Surfaces And A Water Channel
50(5)
Phase 2.2 (C Ad 130/50-270): Mid Roman Domestic And Industrial Occupation
55(4)
Phase 2.3 (C Ad 270-350/75): Late Roman Structures And A Street
59(11)
Phase 2.4 (C Ad 350/75-400/50): Latest Roman Dark Earth
70(3)
Chapter 3 The Late Saxon Period (C 850-1050)
Steve Teague
The Inherited Landscape (Phase 3)
73(1)
The Late Saxon Period (Phase 4)
74(5)
Phasing Methodology
74(1)
The Organisation Of The Description: Streets And Properties
75(3)
Property Boundaries
78(1)
The Early Surfaces Of Brudene Street
79(4)
Brudene Street East
83(1)
Property Be 1
83(1)
Phase 4 Pits
83(2)
Property Be 2
85(1)
Phase 4.2 Pits
85(2)
Phase 4.2 Structural Evidence
87(1)
Group Cc7014
88(1)
Group Cc7009
88(1)
Property Be 3
88(1)
Phase 4 Pits
88(1)
Property Be 4
89(1)
Phase 4.2 Pits
89(2)
Pit Group Cc7018
89(1)
Pit Group Cc7023
90(1)
Pit Group Cc7020
91(1)
Pit Group Cc7022
91(1)
Structural Evidence---Cellar Cc3261
91(1)
Property Be 5
91(1)
Phase 4.2 Boundaries
91(1)
Phase 4.2 Property Be 5 (W)
92(1)
Pit Group Cc7046
92(1)
Structural Evidence
93(1)
Phase 4.2 Property Be 5 (E)
93(1)
Brudene Street West
94(1)
Property Bw 1
94(1)
Phase 4.1 Yard And Pits
94(1)
Phase 4.2 Pits
94(1)
Property Bw 2
95(1)
Phase 4.1 Structural Evidence
95(5)
Relationship Between Structures On Property Bw 2 And Brudene Street
95(1)
Structure Nh8525
95(1)
Structure Nh8643
96(1)
Structure Nh8526
96(2)
Yard Nh8528
98(1)
Fence Line (Posthole Group Nh8527)
98(1)
Structure Nh8529
98(2)
Phase 4.1 Pits
100(1)
Phase 4.2 Structural Evidence
100(3)
Structure Nh8530
100(3)
Phase 4.2 Pits
103(1)
Property Bw 3
103(1)
Phase 4.1 Structural Evidence
103(1)
Phase 4.1 Pits
103(1)
Phase 4.2 Structure Nh8556
104(1)
Exterior Area
105(1)
Property Bw 4
105(1)
Phase 4.1 Structural Evidence
105(1)
Structure Nh8566
105(1)
Structure Nh8567
106(1)
Phase 4.1 Pits
106(1)
Phase 4.2 Structure Nh8567
107(1)
Phase 4.2 Pits
108(1)
Property Bw 5
108(1)
Phase 4.1 Structural Evidence
108(1)
Structure Nh8585
108(1)
Structure Nh8586
109(1)
Phase 4.1 Pits
109(1)
The Southern Group
109(1)
The Northern Group
110(1)
Phase 4.2 Structural Evidence
110(1)
Structure Nh8589
110(1)
Structure Nh8590
111(1)
Phase 4.2 Pits
111(1)
Property Bw 6
112(1)
Phase 4 Structure Nh8604
112(1)
Phase 4 Pits
113(1)
Snitheling Street
113(1)
Property Se 1
113(1)
Phase 4.1 Pits
113(1)
Phase 4.2 Pits
113(2)
Property Se 2
115(1)
Phase 4.2 Structural Evidence
115(1)
Early Activity
115(1)
Structure Nh8624
115(1)
Structure Nh8642
115(1)
Structure Nh8622
116(1)
Phase 4.2 Pits
116(2)
Property Se 3
118(1)
Phase 4 Boundary Evidence
118(1)
Phase 4 Pits
118(1)
Pit Group Nh8632
118(1)
Pit Group Nh8636
118(1)
Phase 4 Yard Or Lane Nh8637
119(2)
Chapter 4 The Anglo-Norman And Later Medieval Period (C 1050-1550)
Steve Teague
Alan Hardy
Introduction
121(1)
The Anglo-Norman Period (Phase 5)
121(2)
Brudene Street East
123(10)
Property Be 1
123(1)
Structural Group Cc7057
123(1)
Pits
123(1)
Property Be 2
124(1)
Structural Evidence
124(1)
Pits
124(1)
Property Be 3
124(1)
Structural Evidence
124(2)
Pits
126(1)
Property Be 4
126(1)
Structural Evidence
126(1)
Structure Cc7024
126(2)
Structure Cc7025
128(1)
Well Cc2039
128(1)
Pits
128(2)
Property Be 5
130(1)
Be 5 West `Property'
130(1)
Structure Cc7031
130(1)
Pits
131(1)
Be 5 East `Property'
131(1)
Structural Evidence
131(1)
Pits
132(1)
Brudene Street West
133(14)
Property Bw 1
133(1)
Property Bw 2
133(1)
Structure Nh8530
133(2)
Pits
135(1)
Property Bw 3
136(1)
Structure Nh8532
137(2)
Well-House Structure Nh8564
139(2)
Exterior Areas
141(1)
Property Bw 4
141(2)
Structure Nh8566
143(1)
Structure Nh8583
143(1)
Exterior Area
143(1)
Pit Group Nh8576
143(1)
Pit Group Nh8575
144(1)
Property Bw 5
145(1)
Structural Evidence
145(1)
Pits
145(1)
Pit Group Nh8593
145(1)
Pit Group Nh8597
145(1)
Well Nh2495
146(1)
Property Bw 6
146(1)
Structural Evidence
146(1)
Pits
146(1)
Snitheling Street
147(9)
Property Se 1 West Side
147(1)
Pits Pre-Dating Structure Nh8618
147(1)
Structure Nh8618
147(1)
Pits Associated With Structure Nh8618
148(1)
Property Se 1 East Side
149(1)
Structure Hn8617
149(1)
Pit Group Nh8612
149(1)
Properties Se 2 And Se 3
150(1)
Property Se 2 The Chapel (Structure Nh8629)
151(1)
Relationship To Earlier Features
151(2)
Structural And Associated Evidence
153(1)
The Stone House
153(1)
Associated Features
154(1)
Property Se 3
154(1)
Quarry Pit Nh1034
154(1)
Other Pits
155(1)
The Medieval Period (Phase 6)
156(1)
Brudene Street East
156(7)
Property Be 1
156(1)
Property Be 2
156(1)
Property Be 3
157(2)
Property Be 4
159(1)
Property Be 5
159(1)
Property Be 5 (West)
159(1)
Cellar Structure Cc2100
159(2)
Pits
161(1)
Property Be 5 (East)
162(1)
Structure Cc7038
162(1)
Brudene Street West And Snitheling Street
163(9)
Later Development Of The Stone House/Hall
163(1)
Properties Bw 1 And Se 1
163(1)
Structure Nh8535
163(1)
Structure Nh8536
164(1)
Structure Nh8615
164(2)
Cellar Nh5050
166(1)
Structure Nh8616
166(1)
Structure Nh8537
166(1)
Property Bw 2
166(1)
Wall Nh4068
166(1)
Property Bw 3
167(1)
Structures Nh8551 And Nh8545
167(1)
Well Nh9630
168(2)
Properties Bw 4 And Bw 5
170(1)
Pit/Shaft Structure Nh8575
171(1)
Pit Group Nh8599
171(1)
Post-Medieval Development Of The Site (Phase 7-8)
172(1)
Phase 7 (C 1550-1800)
172(1)
Phase 8 (C 1800-Present)
172(1)
Chapter 5 Discussion
The Prehistoric Evidence
173(6)
Lisa Brown
The Early Prehistoric Setting
173(1)
The Later Prehistoric Setting
173(1)
Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age Winchester
173(3)
The Discovery Centre/Northgate House Early Iron Age Settlement
176(1)
Middle-Late Iron Age Winchester
176(1)
Oram's Arbour
176(1)
The Discovery Centre/Northgate House Middle-Late Iron Age Settlement
176(3)
Conclusions
179(1)
The Roman Town
179(8)
Edward Biddulph
Origins And The Pattern Of Development
179(2)
Nature Of Occupation
181(4)
Daily Life
185(1)
From Urban To Sub-Urban
186(1)
The Anglo-Saxon Burh, And The Anglo-Norman And Medieval City: Overview And Discussion Of The Evidence
187(24)
Steve Teague
Early And Mid Saxon Winchester
187(1)
The Creation Of The Burh
187(2)
The Streets
189(1)
Land Apportionment And Tenement Formation
190(3)
Concordance With The Surveys Of 1100 And 1148
193(1)
Houses And Occupants
194(1)
The Development Of Buildings
194(1)
Principal Structures
194(2)
Internal Features
196(1)
Ancillary Structures
196(1)
Cellars
196(1)
Outbuildings
197(1)
Water Supply
198(1)
Pit Distribution And Function
198(2)
Industry And Craft
200(1)
Iron Working
200(3)
Non-Ferrous Metalworking
203(1)
Dyeing, Spinning And Weaving
203(3)
Skinning And Furriering
206(1)
Bone And Horn Working
206(1)
Economic Status And Trade
207(2)
The Project Area From The 13Th Century
209(1)
The 13Th And Early 14Th Centuries
210(1)
The Project Area After The Early 14Th Century
211(1)
The Residence Of The Archdeacon Of Winchester
211(6)
Alan Hardy
A Summary Of Cunliffe's Structural Interpretation
211(1)
The Chapel
211(3)
The Chapel Becomes A Church?
214(1)
The Hall
215(1)
The Extent And Layout Of The Original Property
216(1)
Phase 6 The Later Development Of The Residence
217(4)
The `Service Range' (Structure Nh8545/Nh8551)
217(1)
Structure Nh8575, The `Dovecote'
217(1)
Well Nh9630
218(1)
The Layout Of The Phase 6 Residence
218(1)
Access To The Residence
218(1)
The Updated Design Of The Residence
219(1)
The Material Culture Of The Residence
219(1)
The Abandonment Of The Residence And The Clearance Of The Site
220(1)
Post-Medieval Activity
220(1)
The Archdeacon's Residence: Overview And Conclusions
220(1)
Conclusions
221(4)
Steve Teague
The Date Of The Establishment Of The Burh
221(1)
Winchester And Hamwic
222(1)
Late Saxon Occupation In Brudene Street And Snitheling Street
223(1)
The Anglo-Norman Period
223(1)
The 13Th Century Onwards
224(1)
Chapter 6 Overview Of The Scientific Dating Evidence
Seven Griffiths
Alex Bayliss
Ben M Ford
Mark Hounslow
Vassil Karloukovski
Christopher Bronk Ramsey
Gordon Cook
Peter Marshall
Introduction
225(4)
The Four Saxon Tenements
229(5)
Archaeological Interpretation: The Site Chronology
231(2)
Archaeological Interpretation: The Ceramic Chronologies
233(1)
Sensitivity Analysis
234(1)
Other Archaeological Features
234(1)
The Neonate Burial
234(1)
Northgate House Negative Features
234(1)
Context Nh6177
234(1)
Context Nh6204
235(1)
Discussion
235(1)
Holloway
235(1)
Summary Of Significant Findings
235(2)
Chapter 7 Overview Of The Finds Assemblages
Pottery
237(7)
Prehistoric Pottery
237(1)
Lisa Brown
Catalogue Of Illustrated Pottery
238(1)
Roman Pottery
238(1)
Edward Biddulph
Paul Booth
Fabrics
238(1)
Samian Ware
238(1)
Fine Wares
238(1)
Amphorae
239(1)
Mortaria
239(1)
White Wares
239(1)
Oxidised Wares
239(3)
Reduced (Grey And Black) Wares
242(1)
Black-Burnished Ware
242(1)
Grog-Tempered Wares
242(2)
Wares In The Iron Age Tradition
244(1)
Key Ceramic Groups
244(1)
Phase 2.1 Ceramic Phase Ad 55-70
244(1)
Phase 2.1 Ceramic Phase Ad 70-130
245(1)
Phase 2.2 Ceramic Phase Ad 130-260
246(1)
Phase 2.3 Ceramic Phase Ad 260-350
247(2)
Phase 2.4 Ceramic Phase Ad 350-400
249(41)
Evidence Of Pottery Use
254(1)
Secondary Use Of Pottery
254(1)
Wear And Repair
254(1)
Burnt Vessels
255(2)
Graffiti
257(1)
The Pottery In Its Urban Context
257(1)
Catalogue Of Illustrated Pottery
258(3)
Post-Roman Pottery
261(1)
John Cotter
Ceramic Phasing
261(1)
Fabrics
262(2)
Pottery Fabrics By Property And Phase
264(3)
Glazed Wares: Chronological Development And Distribution On The Site
267(3)
Vessel Forms By Property And Phase
270(3)
Oil Lamps: Their Possible Significance
273(1)
Other Vessel Forms
274(1)
Vessel Forms Analysis: General Conclusions
274(2)
General Conclusions
276(1)
Catalogue Of Illustrated Pottery
277(13)
Building Materials
290(3)
Roman Ceramic Building Material
290(1)
Cynthia Poole
Ruth Shaffrey
Production And Distribution
291(1)
The Stratified Groups
291(2)
Phase 2.1 (C Ad 43-130/50)
293(1)
Phase 2.2 (C Ad 130/50-270)
293(1)
Phase 2.3 (C Ad 270-350/75)
293(6)
Illustration Catalogue
293(1)
Post-Roman Ceramic Building Material
293(1)
Cynthia Poole
Roofing
294(1)
Brick
294(2)
Floor
296(1)
Discussion
296(1)
Illustration Catalogue
296(1)
Structural Clay, Fired Clay And Mortar
296(1)
Cynthia Poole
Fabrics
297(1)
Forms
297(1)
Oven And Hearths
297(1)
Industrial
297(1)
Wall/Structural
297(1)
Discussion
298(1)
The Iron Age And Roman Assemblage
298(1)
The Saxon-Medieval Assemblage
298(1)
Catalogue Of Illustrated Fired Clay
299(1)
Structural Stone
299(1)
Ruth Shaffrey
Phase 1 Prehistoric
299(1)
Phase 2 Roman
299(1)
Phase 4 Late Saxon
299(1)
Phase 5 Anglo-Norman
299(1)
Phase 6 Medieval
300(1)
Painted Wall Plaster
300(1)
Edward Biddulph
Tools, Equipment, Products And Everyday Objects
301(33)
Iron Age Coin
301(1)
Philip De Jersey
Roman Coins
301(2)
Paul Booth
Mints
303(1)
Chronology, Context And Residuality
303(1)
General Discussion
304(1)
Post-Roman Coins
Martin Allen
304(1)
Identifications
304(1)
Significance
305(1)
Objects Of Metal, Glass, Shale And Worked Bone
305(1)
H E M Cool
Paul Booth
The Roman Period
306(2)
Shale Table Leg Fragment
308(1)
Paul Booth
The Late Saxon To Medieval Finds
308(3)
Summary Catalogue Of Illustrated Small Finds
311(17)
Worked Stone Objects
328(1)
Ruth Shaffrey
Prehistoric (Phase 1)
328(1)
Roman (Phase 2)
328(1)
Late Saxon (Phase 4)
328(1)
Anglo-Norman (Phase 5)
329(2)
Medieval (Phase 6)
331(1)
Discussion
331(1)
Catalogue Of Illustrated Stone Objects
331(3)
Struck Flint
334(1)
Hugo Lamdin-Whymark
Metalworking
334(5)
Surface X-Ray Fluorescence (Xrf) Analysis Of Non-Ferrous Metalworking Debris
334(1)
Cath Mortimer
Results
335(1)
Discussion
335(1)
The Metalworking Debris
336(1)
David Starley
Functional Categories
336(1)
Iron Smithing
336(1)
Undiagnostic Ferrous Metalworking
336(1)
Non-Ferrous Metalworking
336(1)
Undiagnostic - Metalworking Or Other High Temperature Process
336(1)
Fuel
336(1)
Discussion
336(3)
Chapter 8 Overview Of The Environmental Evidence
Mammal And Bird Bone
339(19)
Lena Strid
The Assemblage
339(1)
The Roman Assemblage
339(2)
Meat-Providing Domestic Mammals
341(2)
Other Domestic Mammals
343(1)
Wild Mammals
343(1)
Birds
343(1)
The Late Saxon Assemblage
343(3)
Meat Providing Domestic Mammals
346(1)
Other Domestic Mammals
347(1)
Wild Mammals
347(1)
Birds
348(1)
The Anglo-Norman Assemblage
348(1)
Meat Providing Domestic Mammals
348(2)
Other Domestic Mammals
350(1)
Wild Mammals
351(1)
Birds
352(1)
The Medieval Assemblage
353(1)
Meat Providing Domestic Mammals
353(2)
Other Domestic Mammals
355(1)
Wild Mammals
355(1)
Birds
355(1)
Worked Bone And Other Crafts Using Animal Remains
356(1)
Horn Working
356(1)
Bone And Antler Working
357(1)
Furrier
357(1)
Tawying, Furrying Or Parchment Making?
358(1)
Fish Remains
358(3)
Rebecca Nicholson
The Assemblage
358(1)
Iron Age And Roman Deposits
358(2)
Late Saxon, 850-1050
360(1)
Anglo-Norman, 1050-1225
360(1)
Medieval, 1225-1500
361(1)
Discussion And Conclusions
361(1)
Marine Molluscs
361(1)
Greg Campbell
Human Skeletal Remains
362(1)
Helen Webb
Neonate Burials
362(1)
Cremated Bone
363(1)
Charred And Mineralised Plant Remains
363(10)
Wendy Carruthers
Methods
363(1)
Notes On Preservation
363(1)
Period Summaries And Comparisons With Contemporary Sites In The Area
364(1)
Pre-Roman (Phase 1)
364(1)
Roman And Dark Earth (Phase 2)
365(1)
Late Saxon To Medieval Phases (Phases 4-6)
366(1)
Cereals
366(2)
Pulses
368(1)
Nuts, Fruits, Vegetables And Flavourings
369(2)
Possible Medicinal Plants
371(1)
Fibre Crops And Possible Dyeplants
371(1)
Differences In Waste Deposition And The Occurrence Of Fodder Crops
371(1)
Arable Crop Quality Over Time And Corn Cockle Contamination
372(1)
Weed Ecology
372(1)
Conclusions
373(1)
The Wood Charcoal
373(2)
Dana Challinor
Late Saxon (Phase 4.1)
373(1)
Property Bw 2
373(1)
Property Bw 4
373(1)
Property Bw 5
374(1)
Late Saxon (Phase 4.2)
374(1)
Property Bw 2
374(1)
Property Bw 4
374(1)
Property Bw 5
374(1)
Property Be 2
374(1)
Property Be 4
374(1)
Anglo-Norman (Phase 5)
374(1)
Property Bw 2
374(1)
Property Se 1
374(1)
Property Se 3
374(1)
Property Be 5
374(1)
Medieval (Phase 6)
375(1)
Property Se 2
375(1)
Property Be 4
375(1)
Discussion: Changes Over Time And Supplies Of Firewood
375(1)
Analysis Of Samples For Eggs Of Intestinal Parasites And Other Microfossils
375(1)
Andrew K G Jones
Soil Micromorphology, Chemistry And Magnetic Susceptibility
376(1)
Richard Macphail
John Crowther
Gill Cruise
Bibliography 377(20)
Index 397
Project Officer, OA