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Wind and Solar Based Energy Systems for Communities [Kietas viršelis]

Edited by (University of Windsor, Canada), Edited by (University of Windsor, Canada)
  • Formatas: Hardback, 328 pages, aukštis x plotis: 234x156 mm
  • Serija: Energy Engineering
  • Išleidimo metai: 09-May-2018
  • Leidėjas: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • ISBN-10: 1785615440
  • ISBN-13: 9781785615443
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Wind and Solar Based Energy Systems for CommunitiesDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Hardback, 328 pages, aukštis x plotis: 234x156 mm
  • Serija: Energy Engineering
  • Išleidimo metai: 09-May-2018
  • Leidėjas: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • ISBN-10: 1785615440
  • ISBN-13: 9781785615443
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781785615443.html

A sustainable community energy system is an approach to supplying a local community - ranging from a few homes or farms to entire cities - with its energy requirements from renewable energy or high-efficiency co-generation energy sources. Such systems are frequently based on wind power, solar power, biomass, either singly or in combination. Community energy projects have been growing in numbers in several key regions.

This book provides an overview of existing and emerging community energy technologies. Topics covered include data-driven methods for prediction of small to medium wind turbines performance; optimisation of wind farms for communities; financing for community wind and photovoltaic project development; community-level solar thermal systems; solar water desalination for small communities; community solar photovoltaic projects; assessing wind loads for urban photovoltaic installations; design optimisation of multi-energy hubs for community energy projects; battery based storage for communities; power-to-gas and power-to-power for storage and ancillary services in urban areas; smart multi-energy microgrids; and conservation and demand management in community energy systems.

Wind and Solar Based Energy Systems for Communities is essential reading for researchers and engineers working to develop community energy systems and advance the transition to a clean energy future.



This book brings together topics on the emerging area of community energy technology, covering key areas from generation through to considerations for the entire system, with an emphasis on the popular energy sources of wind power and solar power.

1 Introduction
1(4)
Rupp Carriveau
David S-K. Ting
References
4(1)
2 Data-driven methods for prediction of small-to-medium wind turbines performance
5(22)
Majid Morshedizadeh
Rupp Carriveau
David S-K. Ting
Abstract
5(1)
2.1 Introduction
5(2)
2.2 SCADA data treatment
7(3)
2.2.1 Mean or median value
8(1)
2.2.2 K-Nearest neighbour
8(1)
2.2.3 Expectation--maximisation
8(1)
2.2.4 Decision tree
9(1)
2.3 Feature selection
10(3)
2.3.1 Correlation coefficients
10(1)
2.3.2 Principal component analysis
11(2)
2.4 Modelling design networks
13(6)
2.4.1 Multi-layer perceptron
14(1)
2.4.2 Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system
15(2)
2.4.3 Static and dynamic networks
17(1)
2.4.4 Fusion
17(1)
2.4.5 Estimation and prediction
18(1)
2.4.6 Performance evaluation
19(1)
2.5 A case study
19(4)
2.5.1 Data pre-processing
19(3)
2.5.2 Monitoring networks
22(1)
2.6 Conclusion
23(4)
References
24(3)
3 Optimization of wind farms for communities
27(36)
Ahmadreza Vasel-Be-Hagh
Abstract
27(1)
3.1 Introduction
27(2)
3.2 Objective functions and optimization variables
29(5)
3.2.1 Objective functions
30(2)
3.2.2 Optimization variables
32(2)
3.3 Wake-loss models
34(11)
3.3.1 Large eddy simulations
34(3)
3.3.2 Nonlinear Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models
37(1)
3.3.3 Stochastic models
38(1)
3.3.4 Linearized RANS models
38(2)
3.3.5 Empirical wake models
40(1)
3.3.6 Kinematic (analytical) models
40(5)
3.4 Search algorithms
45(3)
3.5 Practice your knowledge
48(15)
3.5.1 Case I: Shape of the wind farm
48(1)
3.5.2 Case II: Wake of wind turbines
48(1)
3.5.3 Case III: Wind speed deficit in wind farms
48(1)
3.5.4 Case IV: Yaw angle of wind turbines
49(1)
3.5.5 Case V: Variation of power production with wind direction
49(1)
3.5.6 Case VI: Surface roughness
50(1)
3.5.7 Case VII: Inner turbines versus outer turbines
50(1)
3.5.8 Case VIII: Wind farm noise production
50(2)
3.5.9 Case IX: Hub height optimization
52(1)
3.5.10 Case X: Fatigue loads
53(1)
3.5.11 Case XI: Turbine type
53(1)
3.5.12 Case XII: Atmospheric stability
54(1)
3.5.13 Case XIII: Wind farms and hurricanes
54(1)
References
54(9)
4 Financing for community wind and solar project development
63(32)
Lindsay Miller
Rupp Caniveau
Abstract
63(1)
4.1 Introduction
64(3)
4.1.1 Community wind and solar -- defined
66(1)
4.2 Benefits of community wind and solar
67(1)
4.3 Lessons from overseas
68(2)
4.4 Overview of available incentives and credits in North America
70(1)
4.5 Historical financing models
71(3)
4.5.1 Municipal wind
71(1)
4.5.2 Cooperatives (wind and solar)
72(1)
4.5.3 Private placements (wind and solar)
72(1)
4.5.4 Private equity (wind and solar)
72(1)
4.5.5 Multiple local owner (wind and solar)
72(1)
4.5.6 Flip structures (wind)
73(1)
4.5.7 On-site projects, behind the meter (wind and solar)
73(1)
4.5.8 Utility-sponsored model (wind and solar)
73(1)
4.5.9 Special-purpose entity (wind and solar)
74(1)
4.5.10 Non-profit model (solar)
74(1)
4.6 Innovative financing models -- case studies of community wind
74(7)
4.6.1 Cases from the United States
74(4)
4.6.2 Cases from Canada
78(2)
4.6.3 Discussion on replicability and challenges
80(1)
4.7 Innovative financing models -- case studies of community solar
81(6)
4.7.1 Cases from the United States
82(3)
4.7.2 Cases from Canada
85(1)
4.7.3 Discussion on replicability and challenges
86(1)
4.8 Summary and conclusions
87(8)
References
91(4)
5 Community-level solar thermal systems
95(24)
Vishal Bhalla
Vikrant Khullar
Himanshu Tyagi
Abstract
95(1)
5.1 Introduction
95(2)
5.2 Solar energy
97(2)
5.3 Flat-plate collector
99(5)
5.3.1 Construction and operation of a flat-plate collector
99(2)
5.3.2 Design and operational parameters
101(3)
5.4 Community-level volumetric absorption-based solar collectors (using nanofluids)
104(11)
5.4.1 Numerical model of the volumetric absorption-based solar collector
104(3)
5.4.2 Parameters influencing the performance of the solar collector
107(8)
5.5 Summary
115(4)
References
115(4)
6 Solar-water desalination for small communities
119(20)
Fahad Ameen
Jacqueline A. Stagner
David S-K. Ting
Abstract
119(1)
6.1 Introduction
119(3)
6.2 Types of solar-water desalination
122(4)
6.2.1 Direct solar-water desalination systems
122(4)
6.3 Mathematical modeling of an inclined solar still
126(5)
6.3.1 Convective heat transfer
128(1)
6.3.2 Radiative heat transfer
128(1)
6.3.3 Evaporative heat transfer
129(1)
6.3.4 Annual cost of water production
130(1)
6.4 Community to study
131(3)
6.5 Future outlook of renewable energy in Pakistan
134(2)
6.5.1 Energy security
134(1)
6.5.2 Economic benefits
134(1)
6.5.3 Social equity
135(1)
6.5.4 Environmental protection
135(1)
6.5.5 Future development of renewable energy
135(1)
6.6 Conclusion
136(3)
Acknowledgment
137(1)
References
137(2)
7 Community solar PV projects
139(24)
Avinash Singh
Paul Henshaw
David S-K. Ting
Abstract
139(1)
7.1 Introduction
140(3)
7.1.1 What is a community solar PV project?
140(1)
7.1.2 Rationale of community solar PV projects
140(2)
7.1.3 Variations in community solar PV projects
142(1)
7.2 Community solar PV models
143(5)
7.2.1 Grid/utility sponsored community solar PV projects
143(2)
7.2.2 Special purpose entity (SPE) sponsored community solar PV
145(1)
7.2.3 Nonprofit sponsored community solar PV
146(1)
7.2.4 Comparison of the community solar PV project models
147(1)
7.3 Community solar PV projects implementation barriers
148(2)
7.3.1 High acquisition and installation cost
148(1)
7.3.2 Space
148(1)
7.3.3 Investors
149(1)
7.3.4 No grid connection
149(1)
7.3.5 Lack of government policies
149(1)
7.3.6 Lack of government incentives
149(1)
7.3.7 Complexity issues
149(1)
7.3.8 Customer inertia
150(1)
7.4 Selected examples of existing/future community solar PV projects
150(5)
7.4.1 Ontario, Canada
150(1)
7.4.2 California, United States of America
151(2)
7.4.3 Guyana, South America
153(1)
7.4.4 Germany, Europe
153(1)
7.4.5 Rwanda, East Africa
154(1)
7.5 Summary
155(1)
7.6 Recommendations
156(1)
7.6.1 Policies and regulations
156(1)
7.6.2 Start-up capacity
157(1)
7.6.3 Funding
157(1)
7.7 Conclusion
157(6)
Abbreviations
158(1)
References
159(3)
Further reading
162(1)
8 Assessing wind loads for urban photovoltaic installations
163(24)
David Kazmirowicz
Jesse Bridges
Jonathan Whale
David Wood
Abstract
163(1)
8.1 Introduction
163(2)
8.2 Wind loading of PV installations using Australian Standard 1170.2
165(4)
8.2.1 PV wind loading
167(2)
8.3 The urban wind environment
169(1)
8.4 Australian mounting system design practices
169(2)
8.5 Wind tunnel test methods
171(6)
8.5.1 Flat roof experiments
172(4)
8.5.2 Sloped roof experiments
176(1)
8.6 CFD simulations
177(2)
8.7 Discussion and analysis
179(3)
8.8 Conclusions 181 Acknowledgements 182 References
182(5)
9 Design optimization of multi-energy hubs for community energy projects
187(12)
Azadeh Maroufmashat
Sean B. Walker
Ushnik Mukherjee
Michael Fowler
Ali Elkamel
Sourena Sattari
Abstract
187(1)
9.1 Introduction
187(2)
9.2 Methodology
189(1)
9.3 Illustrative case study
190(3)
9.4 Results and discussion
193(3)
9.5 Conclusions
196(3)
References
197(2)
10 Battery-based storage for communities
199(48)
Boyuan Zhu
Junwei Lu
Wayne Water
Markos Katsanevakis
Mojtaba Moghimi
Domagoj Leskarac
Sascha Stegen
Abstract
199(1)
10.1 Introduction
199(5)
10.2 Technology of battery storage
204(6)
10.2.1 Conventional and advanced lead-acid batteries
205(1)
10.2.2 Lithium-ion batteries
206(1)
10.2.3 Sodium-sulphur batteries
206(3)
10.2.4 Battery storage in power applications
209(1)
10.3 Challenges of EV penetration in distribution grid
210(5)
10.3.1 PEVs in communities
210(1)
10.3.2 EV charging technologies
211(1)
10.3.3 Infrastructure and control
212(2)
10.3.4 Grid stability
214(1)
10.3.5 Limitations
214(1)
10.4 Economic aspects of battery storage
215(2)
10.4.1 Cost metric
215(1)
10.4.2 Effective cost of a battery
215(1)
10.4.3 System cost breakdown
216(1)
10.5 Energy consumption pattern of a community
217(15)
10.5.1 Regulated power supply
217(6)
10.5.2 Energy usage pattern classification
223(6)
10.5.3 Peak apparent power (VA) identification
229(2)
10.5.4 Summary
231(1)
10.6 Selection process of battery storage
232(7)
10.6.1 Criteria participating in the selection processes
234(2)
10.6.2 Weighting description and TCFs identification
236(3)
10.7 Safety consideration
239(5)
10.7.1 Safety hazard of batteries and mitigation
240(1)
10.7.2 Location of installation
241(1)
10.7.3 Battery storage enclosure
241(1)
10.7.4 Safety policies and standards
241(3)
10.8 Conclusion 243 References
244(3)
11 Power-to-gas and power-to-power for storage and ancillary services in urban areas
247(18)
Ushnik Mukherjee
Sean B. Walker
Azadeh Maroufmashat
Michael Fowler
Abstract
247(1)
11.1 Introduction
248(2)
11.2 Methodology
250(7)
11.2.1 Mixed integer linear programming formulation
251(6)
11.3 Results and discussion
257(5)
11.3.1 Development of a premium price mechanism for the energy hub
257(5)
11.4 Conclusion
262(3)
References
263(2)
12 Smart multi-energy microgrids
265(20)
Tomislav Capuder
Tomislav Dragicevic
Abstract
265(1)
12.1 Introduction
265(2)
12.2 Understanding the idea behind flexible multi-energy communities
267(4)
12.2.1 Drivers of distributed MES flexible operation
269(2)
12.3 Flexible operation of distributed multi-energy systems
271(10)
12.3.1 Where does the flexibility come from?
274(1)
12.3.2 Multi-energy community modelling
275(6)
12.4 Concluding remarks
281(4)
References
282(1)
Suggested literature on other multi-energy aspects
283(2)
13 Conservation and demand management in community energy systems
285(16)
Jessie Ma
Bala Venkatesh
Abstract
285(1)
13.1 Introduction
286(1)
13.2 Role of conservation
286(6)
13.2.1 Definitions and terminology
287(1)
13.2.2 Conservation goals and system philosophy
287(1)
13.2.3 Proposed model
288(1)
13.2.4 Utilization rates
289(1)
13.2.5 Coincident peaks
290(2)
13.3 Implementation of conservation for CES
292(5)
13.3.1 Disincentives to consume at peak times
292(1)
13.3.2 Incentives to consume outside of peak times
293(1)
13.3.3 New managed system demand patterns
294(1)
13.3.4 Implementation
295(2)
13.3.5 Future scenarios
297(1)
13.4 Conclusions
297(4)
Acknowledgments
298(1)
References
298(3)
Index 301
Rupp Carriveau is a Professor with the Turbulence & Energy Laboratory, University of Windsor, Canada. His research focuses on clean energy generation, storage, and smart optimisation of energy systems. He collaborates with utilities, power, agricultural, and automotive industries and serves on the boards of several related journals. He is a founder of the Offshore Energy and Storage Society and currently serves as Co-Chair of the IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society.



David S-K. Ting is a Professor in Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering and the founder of the Turbulence & Energy Laboratory at the University of Windsor, Canada. To date, he has co-supervised over sixty graduate students primarily in the Energy and Turbulence areas and co-authored more than one hundred and ten related journal papers.