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El. knyga: Windows of Opportunity: How Women Seize Peace Negotiations for Political Change

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(Assistant Professor of Political Science, Ryerson University)
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In 1915, women from over thirty countries met in The Hague to express opposition to the war and propose ways to end it. The delegates called for three things: for women to be present at all international peace conferences, a women's-only peace conference to be convened alongside any official negotiations, and the establishment of universal suffrage. While these demands went unmet at the time, contemporary women's groups continue to seek to participate in peace negotiations and to have language promoting gender equality inserted into all peace agreements. In fact, between 1989 and 2005, almost half of all peace processes led to agreements with references to women. Many of these clauses addressed compensation for wartime gender-based violence and guarantees for women's participation in the post-conflict transitional period. Others included electoral quotas and changes to inheritance legislation. Curiously, the language used is fairly consistent across agreements, and that is because it reflects international women's rights norms rather than more local norms. But why is it that, if a peace agreement's primary objective is to end conflict, some include potentially controversial provisions about gender that might delay or complicate reaching an agreement? Why do these provisions echo international norms when we might expect each agreement to reflect varying cultural norms? And which factors make it more likely that women's rights will appear in peace agreements?Windows of Opportunity answers these questions by looking at peace negotiations in Burundi, Macedonia, and Northern Ireland. It looks at the key actors in negotiations, what prompts their mobilization, their objectives, their strategies, how they construct clauses for inclusion in peace agreements, how women's roles in the state are impacted in the wake of peace agreements, and how these variables increase the likelihood of success for women's movements.

Recenzijos

History is made by choices. Participation of women in the peace process was not part of our shared understanding of history; now through this very compelling work of Miriam J. Anderson it is. Women are not only participating in processes: they are contributing significantly and these contributions are measured. New tools allow us to understand these trends precisely. Anderson contributes greatly to scholarship and methodology. This is a must-read for anyone who is interested in both gender and peace. * Andrea Bartoli, Dean, School of Diplomacy and International Relations, Seton Hall University * Windows of Opportunity is a systematic and scholarly analysis of womens experiences in seeking to access the negotiating table, and to get their rights on the agenda, at the point of peace agreements. Using both quantitative and qualitative methods, it reviews 195 peace agreements signed between 1975 and 2011, as well as in-depth analyses of relative success in Burundi and Northern Ireland, and relative failure in Macedonia. It brings into sharp focus the importance of womens local activism working in alliance with international networks and as such offers practical lessons for policy-makers in the future. * Donna Pankhurst, Professor of Peacebuilding, Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford * Windows of Opportunity is an excellent and welcome contribution to the study of women, war and peace. Through an examination of three case studies and quantitative analysis of 195 peace agreements, Anderson convincingly demonstrates what factors mattered (and in what ways) for the inclusion of womens rights and references to women in contemporary peace agreements, namely key actors (local, regional and international feminist advocacy groups), strategies, and international norm diffusion. In light of the international communitys commitment to the women, peace and security agenda, this book provides a timely blueprint for promoting womens rights and gender equality in peace negotiations and the agreements that are concluded. * Kristen P. Williams, Professor of Political Science, Clark University * In Windows of Opportunity, Miriam Anderson unpacks the means by which language pertinent to women's rights is incorporated into peace agreements worldwide. The book makes a number of contributions in improving our empirical and theoretical understandings of transnational advocacy networks (TANs); the women, peace and security agenda; and peace processes. It is both rigorous in drawing inferences and accessible in revealing the practical applications. It should be considered as essential reading for the growing communities of scholars and students studying international norms diffusion and the role of gender in international relations. * Kyle Beardsley, Duke University *

Daugiau informacijos

Winner of Honorable Mention, J. David Singer Book Award, ISA Midwest.
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Women's Rights in Peace Agreements
Chapter 3: Contextualizing Women and Peace Agreements
Chapter 4: Burundi
Chapter 5: Northern Ireland
Chapter 6: Macedonia
Chapter 7: Findings
Chapter 8: Conclusions
Chapter 9: Appendices
Notes
Index
Miriam Anderson is Assistant Professor in the Department of Politics and Public Administration at Ryerson University in Toronto, Canada.
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