Preface |
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xiv | |
Acknowledgements |
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xviii | |
1 Women and the Economy |
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1 | (14) |
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1 | (3) |
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4 | (1) |
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Economic analysis-an overview |
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5 | (2) |
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An example-economic analysis in action |
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6 | (1) |
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Positive and normative economics |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (5) |
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Women, economics, and the Nobel Prize |
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8 | (2) |
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Women in the economics profession |
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10 | (3) |
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13 | (2) |
2 Economics Tools and Thinking |
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15 | (26) |
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15 | (1) |
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Microeconomics-the basic approach |
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15 | (6) |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (1) |
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Changing choices-comparative static analysis |
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17 | (2) |
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Theories and models in economics |
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19 | (2) |
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Microeconomics tools-utility functions and production functions |
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21 | (4) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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Supply, demand, and market equilibrium |
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25 | (4) |
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Fundamentals of supply and demand |
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25 | (2) |
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Comparative statics of supply and demand |
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27 | (2) |
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Empirical research methods in economics-an introduction |
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29 | (11) |
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30 | (3) |
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33 | (1) |
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Experimental methods in economics |
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34 | (6) |
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40 | (1) |
3 Gender and Economics |
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41 | (20) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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Where do gender roles come from? |
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42 | (4) |
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Agriculture and attitudes-the historical origins of gender roles |
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42 | (2) |
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Identity and gender roles |
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44 | (2) |
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Gender roles and economic behavior |
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46 | (12) |
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Gender and competitiveness |
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46 | (3) |
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49 | (1) |
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Potential biological explanations for gender differences in competitiveness and risk-taking |
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50 | (3) |
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Gender differences in negotiation |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (4) |
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Why don't women major in economics? |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (2) |
4 Marriage and the Family-An Economic Approach |
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61 | (39) |
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61 | (1) |
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Marriage-facts and trends |
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62 | (5) |
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Marriage trends in the United States |
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62 | (4) |
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Marriage trends in Europe |
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66 | (1) |
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The economics of marriage |
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67 | (21) |
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Marriage as an economic institution |
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67 | (1) |
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The gains to marriage-production |
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68 | (13) |
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81 | (1) |
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The division of labor by gender-evidence |
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82 | (3) |
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The gains to marriage-investment |
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85 | (1) |
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The gains to marriage-consumption |
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86 | (2) |
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The marriage market-a supply and demand analysis |
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88 | (10) |
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Basic concepts and notation |
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88 | (1) |
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Supply and demand curves for marriage |
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89 | (2) |
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Marriage market equilibrium |
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91 | (1) |
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Changes in supply and demand |
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92 | (6) |
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The decline in marriage-a summary |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
5 Marriage-Applications and Extensions |
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100 | (23) |
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100 | (1) |
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The distribution of resources in marriage |
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100 | (4) |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (4) |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (9) |
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110 | (1) |
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The economic analysis of divorce |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (3) |
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Employment of married women |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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Education, marriage, and inequality |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
6 The Economics of Fertility |
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123 | (24) |
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123 | (1) |
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Fertility facts and trends |
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123 | (7) |
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123 | (2) |
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Changing fertility in the United States |
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125 | (3) |
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Changing fertility in the rest of the world |
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128 | (2) |
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Fertility-the modern economic approach |
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130 | (5) |
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130 | (3) |
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The cost of child services-the big picture |
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133 | (1) |
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The cost of child services-details |
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133 | (2) |
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Choosing-the demand for child services |
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135 | (3) |
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Explaining the decline in fertility |
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138 | (7) |
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Fertility and women's wages |
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138 | (5) |
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Fertility and men's wages |
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143 | (1) |
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The effect of other prices on fertility choices |
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143 | (1) |
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Other explanations of the decline in fertility |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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Appendix: Fertility and the interaction of quality and quantity |
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146 | (1) |
7 The Economics of Fertility: Applications and Extensions |
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147 | (25) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (11) |
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Measurement, facts, and trends |
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147 | (4) |
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151 | (7) |
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Teen fertility in the United States |
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158 | (7) |
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158 | (3) |
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Socioeconomic consequences |
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161 | (2) |
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The decline in teen fertility |
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163 | (2) |
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Birth control and women's education, marriage, and work |
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165 | (3) |
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168 | (3) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
8 Women at Work |
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172 | (41) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (8) |
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An economic model of women's labor force participation |
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180 | (11) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (3) |
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185 | (1) |
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Non-market choices-leisure and household production |
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186 | (3) |
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Labor force participation |
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189 | (2) |
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Explaining the increase in women's labor force participation |
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191 | (8) |
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191 | (3) |
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194 | (1) |
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Getting more productive-at home |
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194 | (3) |
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Changing attitudes about women's work |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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Fertility and labor force participation-a review and reconciliation |
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199 | (1) |
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Evidence-US working women in the twentieth century |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (1) |
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Appendix: Labor supply analysis-an alternative approach |
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203 | (10) |
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203 | (1) |
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The basics of labor supply analysis |
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204 | (4) |
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208 | (1) |
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Labor force participation |
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209 | (3) |
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212 | (1) |
9 Women's Labor Force Participation: Applications and Extensions |
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213 | (23) |
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213 | (1) |
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Taxes and women's work decisions |
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213 | (6) |
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213 | (1) |
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The arithmetic of taxation |
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214 | (1) |
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Taxes and labor force participation |
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215 | (2) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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Transfers and women's work |
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219 | (4) |
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219 | (1) |
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How means-tested transfers work |
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220 | (1) |
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Effects on labor force participation |
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221 | (2) |
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223 | (1) |
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Children, childcare costs, and women's labor force participation |
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223 | (5) |
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223 | (3) |
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Childcare costs and subsidies |
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226 | (2) |
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228 | (7) |
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Overview of family leave policies |
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228 | (2) |
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An economic analysis of family leave policies |
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230 | (2) |
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The economic effects of family leave policies |
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232 | (3) |
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235 | (1) |
10 Women's Earnings, Occupation, and Education: An Overview |
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236 | (22) |
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236 | (1) |
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Gender differences in earnings-facts and trends |
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236 | (5) |
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241 | (5) |
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Measuring occupational segregation |
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243 | (2) |
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Trends in occupational segregation |
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245 | (1) |
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Gender differences in education |
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246 | (4) |
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How labor markets work-an overview |
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250 | (6) |
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The basics-supply and demand in competitive labor markets |
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250 | (2) |
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Finding the equilibrium wage |
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252 | (1) |
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Comparative statics-how changes in supply and demand affect wages and employment |
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253 | (1) |
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Thinking about wage rates |
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254 | (2) |
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256 | (2) |
11 Gender Differences in Earnings: Explanations |
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258 | (36) |
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258 | (1) |
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Human capital-the supply of skills to the labor market |
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258 | (7) |
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258 | (2) |
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Human capital investment and present value analysis |
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260 | (2) |
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Gender and human capital investment |
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262 | (3) |
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Gender and human capital investment-a summary |
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265 | (1) |
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Labor market discrimination |
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265 | (11) |
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266 | (5) |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (1) |
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Summary of discrimination models |
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274 | (1) |
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Why discrimination is economically inefficient |
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274 | (2) |
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Occupational choice and earnings |
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276 | (4) |
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Gender roles, gender identity, and occupational choice |
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276 | (2) |
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Non-pecuniary characteristics and occupational choice |
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278 | (1) |
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Human capital investment and occupational choice |
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279 | (1) |
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Other explanations of gender differences in earnings |
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280 | (5) |
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Statistical discrimination |
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280 | (2) |
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Competitiveness, risk-taking, and biology |
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282 | (3) |
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285 | (1) |
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Appendix: Present value analysis and the return to human capital |
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286 | (8) |
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Fundamentals of present value analysis |
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286 | (4) |
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Finding the internal rate of return to a human capital investment |
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290 | (1) |
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Optimal investment in human capital |
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291 | (3) |
12 Gender Differences in Earnings: Methods and Evidence |
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294 | (24) |
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294 | (1) |
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Methods for analyzing gender differences in earnings |
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294 | (5) |
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Regression analysis of gender earnings differences |
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294 | (2) |
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The Oaxaca decomposition of earnings differences |
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296 | (3) |
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The evidence-the gender gap in the United States |
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299 | (11) |
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1950-1980: human capital and the gender gap |
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300 | (1) |
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Work experience and the gender gap |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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Slowdown in convergence: 1990-2010 |
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303 | (3) |
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306 | (2) |
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Occupation, job flexibility, and the family gap |
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308 | (2) |
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Gender discrimination in employment |
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310 | (3) |
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Audit and correspondence studies |
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310 | (3) |
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313 | (1) |
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Anti-discrimination laws in the United States |
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313 | (3) |
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The economic basis for anti-discrimination laws |
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313 | (1) |
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Major discrimination legislation in the United States |
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314 | (2) |
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316 | (2) |
13 Race and Gender in the United States |
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318 | (29) |
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318 | (1) |
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What is race and how is it measured? |
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319 | (2) |
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Race and family structure |
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321 | (12) |
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321 | (2) |
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Economic explanations of race differences in family structure |
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323 | (9) |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (2) |
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335 | (5) |
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The double legacy of slavery |
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335 | (4) |
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Race and work in the twenty-first century |
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339 | (1) |
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Race, gender, and earnings |
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340 | (3) |
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Correspondence studies of discrimination |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (3) |
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Economics students and teachers |
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344 | (1) |
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344 | (3) |
14 Marriage and Fertility in Developing Countries |
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347 | (21) |
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347 | (1) |
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Measuring economic development |
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347 | (1) |
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Marriage in developing countries |
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348 | (9) |
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348 | (2) |
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Age at first marriage and women's education |
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350 | (2) |
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Other factors influencing delayed marriage |
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352 | (2) |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (2) |
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Fertility in developing countries |
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357 | (9) |
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357 | (1) |
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Economic explanations for higher fertility in developing countries |
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358 | (2) |
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Gender preference in fertility |
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360 | (2) |
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Economic explanations for falling fertility in developing countries |
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362 | (4) |
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366 | (2) |
15 Women's Education, Work, and Earnings in Developing Countries |
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368 | (18) |
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368 | (1) |
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Women's education in developing countries |
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368 | (3) |
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Women's labor force participation in developing countries |
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371 | (9) |
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371 | (2) |
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Economic development and women's labor force participation |
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373 | (2) |
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Women's employment in developing countries |
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375 | (1) |
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Improving infrastructure and women's work |
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376 | (1) |
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Women's work and women's empowerment |
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377 | (1) |
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Women, migration, and remittances |
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378 | (2) |
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The gender wage gap in developing countries |
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380 | (4) |
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Globalization and women's economic well-being |
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381 | (1) |
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Microcredit and women's well-being |
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382 | (2) |
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384 | (2) |
Reference Index |
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386 | (5) |
Subject Index |
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391 | |