Acknowledgments |
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ix | |
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Women in the Workforce: An Overview |
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1 | (4) |
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1 Are Women an Important Part of the Economy? |
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5 | (30) |
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How has women's attachment to the labor force changed over time? |
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6 | (4) |
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How does labor force participation vary across countries? |
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10 | (4) |
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Do women work as much as men? |
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14 | (1) |
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Do women take jobs from men? |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (3) |
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How much do women contribute to the economy? |
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19 | (2) |
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How do recessions affect women? |
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21 | (5) |
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Is women's work different in developing countries? |
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26 | (3) |
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Do women influence family spending decisions? |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (5) |
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2 Is There Such a Thing as Women's Work? |
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35 | (24) |
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How have gender roles evolved? |
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35 | (4) |
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When was it acceptable for women to work outside the home? |
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39 | (4) |
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How did women progress from jobs to careers? |
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43 | (2) |
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What jobs do women perform and how has that evolved over time? |
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45 | (5) |
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How are gender differences in occupation related to women's family responsibilities? |
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50 | (3) |
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Was World War II really a watershed for women's work lives? |
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53 | (2) |
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How did birth control and abortion affect women's work and family trade-offs? |
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55 | (4) |
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3 How Do Women Balance Work and Family? |
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59 | (36) |
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What is the gender division of labor within a household? |
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59 | (3) |
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How do couples decide who does what? |
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62 | (5) |
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Is the division of labor different for same-sex couples? |
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67 | (3) |
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How did technology change the work women do? |
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70 | (2) |
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How is the timing of births related to a woman's career? |
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72 | (2) |
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Can women successfully combine breastfeeding and work? |
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74 | (2) |
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How does women's work behavior reflect family responsibilities? |
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76 | (4) |
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When does the caring end? Women in the sandwich generation |
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80 | (2) |
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How do employers and the government help with work/life balance? |
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82 | (13) |
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4 How Do Men and Women Interact in the Workplace? |
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95 | (20) |
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Have women made inroads in business leadership? |
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95 | (2) |
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Why are women underrepresented in the top business echelons? |
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97 | (3) |
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Are there differences in how women and men network and does it matter for career success? |
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100 | (1) |
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Does working for a female manager enhance women's careers? |
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101 | (1) |
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Do women need mentors and does it matter who they are? |
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102 | (2) |
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How does having female representation on boards of directors help women? |
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104 | (2) |
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Why aren't women always heard in the workplace? |
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106 | (2) |
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Is there a gender gap in self-promotion? Does it matter? |
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108 | (2) |
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How does sexual harassment (and the #MeToo Movement) affect women In the workplace? |
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110 | (5) |
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5 What Leads to the Gender Pay Gap? |
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115 | (42) |
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How are wages determined? |
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115 | (3) |
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How do we measure the gender pay gap? |
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118 | (1) |
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How big is the gender pay gap? Does it vary for women of color? For immigrants? By sexual orientation? |
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119 | (4) |
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Has the gap improved since the 1950s? |
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123 | (3) |
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How does the pay gap vary across countries? |
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126 | (1) |
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What can we measure that might explain the reasons for gender pay differences? |
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127 | (20) |
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What is left to explain the pay gap? |
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147 | (10) |
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6 Do Women Earn Less Because Men Rule the World? |
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157 | (20) |
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What exactly is labor market discrimination? |
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157 | (2) |
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What causes pay discrimination? |
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159 | (8) |
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Why is it so hard to measure discrimination? |
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167 | (1) |
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How do we measure discrimination? |
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168 | (9) |
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7 Why Can't the Government Just Fix the Pay Gap? |
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177 | (22) |
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What are the consequences of discrimination for the economy? |
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177 | (1) |
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How can we justify the existence of anti-discrimination laws? |
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178 | (1) |
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What laws protect women from discrimination? |
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179 | (5) |
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Who enforces these laws and how are they enforced? |
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184 | (4) |
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How effective are these laws? |
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188 | (3) |
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What might the future hold with respect to closing the gender pay gap? |
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191 | (8) |
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8 How Do Women Fare in Retirement? |
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199 | (22) |
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How do people decide when to retire? |
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200 | (2) |
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How long is retirement for men and women? |
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202 | (3) |
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Where does retirement income come from? |
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205 | (5) |
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How much income do people have when they retire? How does this vary by gender and race/ethnicity? |
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210 | (3) |
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Are women destined to be poor as they age? |
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213 | (1) |
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How do single women fare later in life? |
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214 | (2) |
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What options have been suggested to increase retirement security for women? |
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216 | (5) |
Notes |
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221 | (14) |
Further Reading |
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235 | (2) |
Index |
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237 | |