| Preface |
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xiii | |
| About the Authors |
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xvii | |
| 1 Introduction to Group Communication |
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1 | (18) |
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Case Study: The Study Group Dilemma |
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2 | (1) |
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1.1 The Importance of Groups |
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2 | (2) |
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Group Assessment: Group Communication Competencies Survey |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 Defining Group Communication |
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4 | (4) |
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1.2.1 Key Elements of Group Communication |
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4 | (2) |
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Theory in Groups: Systems Theory |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (2) |
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Virtual Teams:Groups in Cyberspace |
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7 | (1) |
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1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Working in Groups |
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8 | (3) |
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GroupWork: It Was the Best of Teams, It Was the Worst of Teams |
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9 | (1) |
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1.3.1 Advantages of Working in Groups |
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9 | (1) |
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Groups in Balance...Create Synergy |
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10 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Disadvantages of Working in Groups |
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10 | (1) |
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1.4 The Nature of Group Communication |
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11 | (1) |
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1.4.1 Theories, Strategies, and Skills |
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11 | (1) |
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1.4.2 The Group Communication Process |
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12 | (1) |
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1.5 Balance as the Guiding Principle of Group Work |
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12 | (3) |
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12 | (1) |
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1.5.2 Balancing Group Dialectics |
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13 | (2) |
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Theory in Groups: Relational Dialectics Theory |
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13 | (2) |
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Groups in Balance...Enjoy Working Together |
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15 | (1) |
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1.6 Ethical Group Communication |
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15 | (4) |
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16 | (1) |
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1.6.2 Credo for Ethical Communication |
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16 | (4) |
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Ethics in Groups: The National Communication Association Credo for Ethical Communication |
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16 | (1) |
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GroupWork: The Ethics Credo in Action |
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17 | (1) |
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Summary: Introduction to Group Communication |
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18 | (1) |
| 2 Group Development |
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19 | (17) |
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Case Study: Nice to Meet You, Too |
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19 | (1) |
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2.1 Group Development Stages |
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20 | (6) |
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21 | (1) |
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Groups in Balance...Socialize Newcomers |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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Theory in Groups: Collective Intelligence |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (2) |
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Virtual Teams:Developmental Tasks |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (2) |
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2.2.1 Establishing Group Goals |
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26 | (1) |
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Theory in Groups: Goal Theory and Group Work |
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27 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Balancing Group Goals and Hidden Agendas |
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27 | (1) |
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Group Assessment: How Good Is Your Goal? |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (5) |
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29 | (1) |
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GroupWork: Classroom Norms |
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29 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Categories of Norms |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Ethics in Groups: Beware of Unreasonable Norms |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (2) |
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Groups in Balance...Change Norms as Needed |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (3) |
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2.4.1 A Sense of Meaningfulness |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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2.4.3 A Sense of Competence |
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34 | (1) |
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2.4.4 A Sense of Progress |
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34 | (3) |
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Summary: Group Development |
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34 | (2) |
| 3 Group Member Participation |
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36 | (17) |
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Case Study: Taming Tony the Tiger |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (3) |
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3.1.1 Schutz's Theory of Interpersonal Needs |
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37 | (3) |
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GroupWork: Group Attraction Survey |
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39 | (1) |
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3.1.2 Balancing Individual Needs and Group Needs |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (4) |
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40 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Group Social Maintenance Roles |
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41 | (2) |
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Theory in Groups: Belbin's Team-Role Theory |
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42 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Disruptive Behaviors |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (4) |
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3.3.1 Communication Apprehension |
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44 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Strategies for Reducing Communication Apprehension |
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45 | (3) |
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Group Assessment: Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA-24) |
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46 | (1) |
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Virtual Teams:Confidence with Technology |
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47 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Strategies for Helping Apprehensive Members |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (5) |
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Group Assessment: Assertiveness Scale |
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49 | (1) |
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3.4.1 Balancing Passivity and Aggression |
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49 | (1) |
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Groups in Balance...Know When and How to Say No |
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50 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Assertiveness Skills |
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50 | (4) |
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Ethics in Groups: Managing Manipulators |
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51 | (1) |
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Summary: Group Member Participation |
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51 | (2) |
| 4 Diversity in Groups |
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53 | (24) |
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Case Study: Diversity Dilemma |
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54 | (1) |
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4.1 The Value of Group Diversity |
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54 | (2) |
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4.1.1 Culture and Diversity |
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55 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Groups |
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55 | (1) |
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Groups in Balance...Seek Intellectual Diversity |
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56 | (1) |
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4.2 Obstacles to Understanding Others |
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56 | (2) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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4.3 Personality Dimensions |
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58 | (4) |
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4.3.1 The Big Five Personality Traits |
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58 | (1) |
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4.3.2 The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® |
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58 | (3) |
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Groups in Balance...Value Both Introverts and Extroverts |
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59 | (2) |
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4.3.3 Motivating Personality Types in Groups |
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61 | (1) |
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GroupWork: Personality Types in Groups |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (6) |
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4.4.1 Individualism-Collectivism |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
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4.4.3 Gender Expectations |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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4.4.5 High Context-Low Context |
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66 | (2) |
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Virtual Teams:Cultural Dimensions and Communication Technology |
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66 | (1) |
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Group Assessment: Cultural Context Inventory |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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4.5.1 Collective Intelligence |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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Theory in Groups: Muted Group Theory |
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69 | (1) |
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4.6 Generational Dimensions |
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69 | (2) |
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4.6.1 Four Generational Dimensions |
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70 | (1) |
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4.6.2 Ensuring Successful Intergenerational Interactions |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
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Group assessment: Religious Knowledge Survey |
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72 | (1) |
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4.8 Adapting to Diversity |
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73 | (4) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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4.8.3 Actively Engage Others |
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73 | (7) |
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Ethics in Groups: Practice the Platinum Rule |
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73 | (1) |
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Summary: Diversity in Groups |
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74 | (3) |
| 5 Group Leadership |
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77 | (22) |
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Case Study: The Leader in Sheep's Clothing |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (2) |
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Groups in Balance...Value Both Leadership and Followership |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (2) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Strategies for Becoming a Leader |
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81 | (1) |
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Group Assessment: Are You Ready to Lead? |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (2) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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Ethics in Groups: Leadership Integrity |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (6) |
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5.4.1 Trait Leadership Theory |
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85 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Styles Leadership Theory |
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85 | (1) |
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Groups in Balance...Cultivate the Two Sides of "Great" Leadership |
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86 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Situational Leadership Theory |
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86 | (4) |
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GroupWork: The Least-Preferred-Coworker Scale |
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88 | (2) |
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Theory in Groups: An Abundance of Leadership Theories |
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90 | (1) |
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5.5 The 5M Model of Leadership Effectiveness |
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90 | (4) |
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5.5.1 Model Leadership Behavior |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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5.5.3 Manage Group Process |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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5.5.6 Balancing the 5 Ms of Leadership Effectiveness |
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93 | (1) |
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Virtual Teams:Sharing Virtual Leadership Functions |
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94 | (1) |
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5.6 Diversity and Leadership |
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94 | (5) |
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5.6.1 Gender and Leadership |
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94 | (2) |
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5.6.2 Leading Multicultural Groups |
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96 | (5) |
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Summary: Group Leadership |
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97 | (2) |
| 6 Verbal and Nonverbal Communication in Groups |
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99 | (20) |
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Case Study: How to Sink the Mayflower |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (2) |
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6.2.1 The Dimensions of Team Talk |
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101 | (2) |
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Group Assessment: Auditing Team Talk |
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102 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Use I, You, and We Language Appropriately |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (3) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Exclusionary Language |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (2) |
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Ethics in Groups: Sticks and Stones May Break Your Bones, but Words Can Hurt Forever |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (2) |
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6.4.1 Language and Gender |
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106 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Language and Culture |
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106 | (2) |
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Theory in Groups: The Whorl Hypothesis |
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107 | (1) |
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6.5 Nonverbal Communication |
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108 | (3) |
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Groups in Balance...Speak "Silently" |
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108 | (1) |
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6.5.1 Personal Appearance |
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108 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Facial Expression and Eye Contact |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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6.5.4 Physical Expression |
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109 | (2) |
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Virtual Teams:Expressing Emotions Online |
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110 | (1) |
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6.6 The Nonverbal Environment |
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111 | (2) |
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6.6.1 Arrangement of Space |
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111 | (1) |
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6.6.2 Perceptions of Personal. Space |
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112 | (1) |
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6.7 Nonverbal Differences |
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113 | (2) |
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6.7.1 Nonverbal Communication and Gender |
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114 | (1) |
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6.7.2 Nonverbal Communication and Culture |
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114 | (1) |
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GroupWork: What is Nonverbally Normal? |
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114 | (1) |
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6.8 Creating a Supportive Communication Climate |
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115 | (4) |
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6.8.1 Defensive and Supportive Behaviors |
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115 | (1) |
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6.8.2 Immediacy in Groups |
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116 | (4) |
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GroupWork: How Immediate Are You? |
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117 | (1) |
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Summary: Verbal and Nonverbal Communication in Groups |
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117 | (2) |
| 7 Listening and Responding in Groups |
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119 | (17) |
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Case Study: That's Not What I Said |
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119 | (1) |
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7.1 The Challenge of Listening in Groups |
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120 | (4) |
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7.1.1 The Nature of Listening |
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121 | (1) |
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7.1.2 The Need for Better Listening |
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121 | (2) |
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Group Assessment: Student Listening Inventory |
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122 | (1) |
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7.1.3 The Habits of Listeners |
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123 | (1) |
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7.2 The Listening Process |
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124 | (5) |
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Theory in Groups: The HURTER Listening Model |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Listening to Understand |
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125 | (1) |
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Groups in Balance...Ask Questions to Enhance Comprehension |
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126 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Listening to Remember |
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126 | (1) |
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7.2.4 Listening to Interpret |
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126 | (1) |
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7.2.5 Listening to Evaluate |
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127 | (1) |
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7.2.6 Listening to Respond |
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127 | (2) |
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GroupWork: Practice Paraphrasing |
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128 | (1) |
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7.3 Key Listening Strategies and Skills |
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129 | (3) |
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7.3.1 Use Your Extra Thought Speed |
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129 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Apply the Golden Listening Rule |
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129 | (1) |
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7.3.3 "Listen" to Nonverbal Behavior |
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130 | (1) |
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7.3.4 Minimize Distractions |
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130 | (1) |
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7.3.5 Listen Before You Leap |
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130 | (1) |
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7.3.6 Take Relevant Notes |
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130 | (2) |
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Virtual Teams:Listening Online |
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131 | (1) |
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7.4 Listening to Differences |
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132 | (4) |
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133 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Personality Differences |
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133 | (1) |
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7.4.3 Cultural Differences |
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133 | (1) |
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Groups in Balance...Learn the Art of High-Context Listening |
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133 | (1) |
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7.4.4 Hearing Ability Differences |
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133 | (4) |
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Ethics in Groups: Self-Centered Listening Sabotages Success |
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134 | (1) |
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Summary: Listening and Responding in Groups |
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135 | (1) |
| 8 Conflict and Cohesion in Groups |
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136 | (19) |
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Case Study: Sociology in Trouble |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (2) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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8.1.3 Procedural Conflict |
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138 | (1) |
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8.2 Constructive and Destructive Conflict |
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139 | (2) |
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GroupWork: Conflict Awareness Log |
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139 | (1) |
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Virtual Teams:Conflict in Cyberspace |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (4) |
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8.3.1 Avoiding Conflict Style |
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141 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Accommodating Conflict Style |
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141 | (1) |
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Groups in Balance...Know How to Apologize and When to Forgive |
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142 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Competing Conflict Style |
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142 | (1) |
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8.3.4 Compromising Conflict Style |
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143 | (1) |
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8.3.5 Collaborating Conflict Style |
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143 | (1) |
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8.3.6 Choosing a Conflict Style |
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143 | (2) |
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Group Assessment: How Do You Respond to Conflict? |
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144 | (1) |
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8.4 Conflict Management Strategies |
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145 | (4) |
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145 | (2) |
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Theory in Groups: Attribution Theory and Member Motives |
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146 | (1) |
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8.4.2 The A-E-I-O-U Model |
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147 | (1) |
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8.4.3 Cooperative Negotiation |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (2) |
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Ethics in Groups: The Group and the Doctrine of the Mean |
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148 | (1) |
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8.5 Conflict and Member Diversity |
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149 | (1) |
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8.5.1 Cultural Responses to Conflict |
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149 | (1) |
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Groups in Balance...Let Members Save Face |
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149 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Gender Responses to Conflict |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (5) |
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8.6.1 Enhancing Group Cohesion |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (5) |
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Summary: Conflict and Cohesion in Groups |
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153 | (2) |
| 9 Decision Making and Problem Solving in Groups |
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155 | (23) |
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Case Study: No More Horsing Around |
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156 | (1) |
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9.1 Understanding Group Decision Making and Problem Solving |
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156 | (4) |
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157 | (2) |
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Theory in Groups: Asking Single and Subordinate Questions |
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157 | (2) |
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159 | (1) |
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9.1.3 Structured Procedures |
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159 | (1) |
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9.1.4 Commitment to Deliberation |
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159 | (1) |
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9.1.5 Collaborative Communication Climate |
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159 | (1) |
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9.2 Group Decision Making |
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160 | (3) |
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9.2.1 Decision-Making Methods |
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160 | (1) |
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Groups in Balance...Avoid False Consensus |
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161 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Decision-Making Styles |
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161 | (2) |
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GroupWork: What Is Your Decision-Making Style? |
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162 | (1) |
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9.3 Group Problem Solving |
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163 | (9) |
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164 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Nominal Group Technique (NGT) |
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165 | (1) |
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9.3.3 Decreasing Options Technique (DOT) |
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166 | (2) |
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9.3.4 The Progressive Problem-Solving Method |
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168 | (4) |
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Groups in Balance...Avoid Analysis Paralysis |
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169 | (1) |
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Virtual Teams:Mediated Decision Making and Problem Solving |
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170 | (2) |
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9.4 Creativity and Problem Solving |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Enhancing Group Creativity |
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172 | (1) |
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Ethics in Groups: The Morality of Creative Outcomes |
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173 | (1) |
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9.5 Problem-Solving Realities |
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173 | (5) |
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173 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Preexisting Preferences |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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9.5.4 Organizational Culture |
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174 | (5) |
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Group Assessment: Problem-Solving Competencies in Groups |
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175 | (1) |
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Summary: Decision Making and Problem Solving in Groups |
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176 | (2) |
| 10 Critical Thinking and Argumentation in Groups |
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178 | (17) |
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Case Study: Slicing the Pie |
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178 | (1) |
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10.1 The Nature of Critical Thinking and Argumentation |
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179 | (4) |
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10.1.1 The Value of Argumentation in Groups |
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180 | (1) |
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Theory in Groups: Argumentative Communication |
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181 | (1) |
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10.1.2 Deliberative Group Argumentation |
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181 | (2) |
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Group Assessment: Argumentativeness Scale |
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182 | (1) |
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10.2 Understanding Arguments |
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183 | (3) |
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10.2.1 Claim, Evidence, and Warrant |
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184 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Backing, Reservation, and Qualifier |
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184 | (2) |
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GroupWork: Analyze the Argument |
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185 | (1) |
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10.3 Supporting Arguments |
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186 | (2) |
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Groups in Balance...Document Sources of Evidence |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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Virtual Teams:Think Critically about the Internet |
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187 | (1) |
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10.4 Presenting Arguments |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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GroupWork: Clarify Your Claims |
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188 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Support Your Claim |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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10.4.4 Summarize Your Argument |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (2) |
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10.5.1 Listen to the Argument |
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189 | (1) |
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10.5.2 State the Opposing Claim |
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190 | (1) |
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10.5.3 Preview Your Objections |
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190 | (1) |
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10.5.4 Assess the Evidence |
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190 | (1) |
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10.5.5 Assess the Reasoning |
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190 | (1) |
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10.5.6 Summarize Your Refutation |
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190 | (1) |
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10.6 Adapting to Argumentation Styles |
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191 | (4) |
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10.6.1 Gender Differences in Argumentation |
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191 | (1) |
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10.6.2 Cultural Differences in Argumentation |
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191 | (1) |
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10.6.3 Argumentation and Emotional Intelligence |
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192 | (4) |
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Ethics in Groups: Ethical Argumentation |
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192 | (1) |
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Summary: Critical Thinking and Argumentation in Groups |
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193 | (2) |
| 11 Planning and Conducting Meetings |
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195 | (20) |
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Case Study: Monday Morning Blues |
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196 | (1) |
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11.1 Meetings, Meetings, Meetings |
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196 | (2) |
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11.1.1 What Is a Meeting? |
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197 | (1) |
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GroupWork: It Was the Best of Meetings; It Was the Worst of Meetings |
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197 | (1) |
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11.1.2 Why Do Meetings Fail? |
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198 | (1) |
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11.2 Planning and Chairing Meetings |
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198 | (7) |
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Theory in Groups: Chaos and Complexity Theories |
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199 | (1) |
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11.2.1 Questions About Meetings |
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199 | (2) |
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11.2.2 Preparing the Agenda |
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201 | (2) |
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Groups in Balance...Avoid Meetingthink |
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202 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Chairing the Meeting |
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203 | (1) |
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11.2.4 Preparing the Minutes |
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204 | (1) |
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Ethics in Groups: Use Good Judgment When Taking Minutes |
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205 | (1) |
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11.3 Managing Members in Meetings |
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205 | (3) |
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11.3.1 Adapting to Problematic Behaviors |
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205 | (2) |
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11.3.2 Adapting to Member Differences |
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207 | (1) |
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Virtual Teams:Meeting in Cyberspace |
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207 | (1) |
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11.4 Parliamentary Procedure |
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208 | (5) |
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11.4.1 Who Uses Parliamentary Procedure? |
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209 | (1) |
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11.4.2 The Guiding Principles of Parliamentary Procedure |
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209 | (1) |
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11.4.3 The Parliamentary Players |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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11.4.5 Making a Main Motion |
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212 | (1) |
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11.5 Evaluating the Meeting |
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213 | (2) |
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Group Assessment: Post-Meeting Reaction (PMR) Form |
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213 | (1) |
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Summary: Planning and Conducting Meetings |
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214 | (1) |
| 12 Group Presentations |
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215 | (19) |
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Case Study: Team Challenge |
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215 | (1) |
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12.1 Presentations in and by Groups |
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216 | (1) |
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12.2 Presentation Guidelines |
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217 | (6) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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Theory in Groups: Aristotle's Ethos |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (2) |
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Virtual Teams:Mediated Presentations |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (4) |
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12.3.1 Public Group Presentations |
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223 | (1) |
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12.3.2 Team Presentations |
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224 | (3) |
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Groups in Balance...Welcome and Encourage Questions |
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225 | (2) |
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Group Assessment: Team Presentation Evaluation |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (7) |
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12.4.1 Presentation Slides |
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228 | (2) |
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Ethics in Groups: Respect Copyrights |
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229 | (1) |
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12.4.2 Delivering Presentation Aids |
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230 | (4) |
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Groups in Balance...Know When to Break the "Slide" Rules |
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230 | (2) |
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GroupWork: Re-envision the Visual |
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232 | (1) |
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Summary: Group Presentations |
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232 | (2) |
| Glossary |
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234 | (11) |
| Notes |
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245 | (29) |
| Credits |
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274 | (2) |
| Index |
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276 | |