Atnaujinkite slapukų nuostatas

World Heroin Market: Can Supply be Cut? [Kietas viršelis]

(Admiral Crowe Chair in Economics, U.S. Naval Academy), (Professor in the School of Public Policy and the Department of Criminology, University of Maryland), (Professor of Criminology, K.U. Leuven Faculty of Law)
  • Formatas: Hardback, 392 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 163x236x31 mm, weight: 666 g, 33 b/w illus.
  • Serija: Studies in Crime and Public Policy
  • Išleidimo metai: 28-May-2009
  • Leidėjas: Oxford University Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0195322991
  • ISBN-13: 9780195322996
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Hardback, 392 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 163x236x31 mm, weight: 666 g, 33 b/w illus.
  • Serija: Studies in Crime and Public Policy
  • Išleidimo metai: 28-May-2009
  • Leidėjas: Oxford University Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0195322991
  • ISBN-13: 9780195322996
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Heroin is universally considered the world's most harmful illegal drug. This is due not only to the damaging effects of the drug itself, but also to the spread of AIDS tied to its use. Burgeoning illegal mass consumption in the 1960s and 1970s has given rise to a global market for heroin and other opiates of nearly 16 million users. The production and trafficking of opiates have caused crime, disease, and social distress throughout the world, leading many nations to invest billions of dollars trying to suppress the industry. The failure of their efforts has become a central policy concern. Can the world heroin supply actually be cut, and with what consequences?
The result of a five-year-long research project involving extensive fieldwork in six Asian countries, Colombia, and Turkey, this book is the first systematic analysis of the contemporary world heroin market, delving into its development and structure, its participants, and its socio-economic impact. It provides a sound and comprehensive empirical base for concluding that there is little opportunity to shrink the global supply of heroin in the long term, and explains why production is concentrated in a handful of countries--and is likely to remain that way. On the basis of these findings, the authors identify a key set of policy opportunities, largely local, and make suggestions for leveraging them. This book also offers new insights into market conditions in India, Tajikistan, and other countries that have been greatly harmed by the production and trafficking of illegal opiates.
A deft integration of economics, sociology, history, and policy analysis, The World Heroin Market provides a rigorous and vital look into the complex--and resilient--global heroin trade.

Recenzijos

"An ambitious, multi-disciplinary analysis of the global heroin market in its entirety, representing the culmination of five years of painstaking research...the book stands as an incredibly comprehensive look at the world heroin market and a remarkable contribution to scholarship in the field...quite accessible to the average reader wondering what the global heroin market looks like through the eyes of an economist."--International Law and Politics "A clear-sighted and accessible reference for those trying to understand the international heroin trade and its effects on countries. The book reflects the disciplinary strengths of the author triad; this integration of criminology, economics, and public policy creates a substantial contribution to the literature that should be of strong interest to scholars and practitioners in public policy, criminal justice, economics, and public health...This is an insightful tome on the world heroin trade; one that will be immensely useful to those concerned about the continued facile flows of global heroin. I look forward to rereading and thumbing through this book for years to come."--Asian Journal of Criminology "An unmatched source of information on this topic.... Highly recommended."--CHOICE "Reliable studies of illicit drug markets are rare. Reliable studies of illicit drug markets on a global scale are almost nonexistent. Paoli, Greenfield, and Reuter have pulled off a small miracle of scholarship by giving us a meticulously researched overview of global opiate markets, one that combines economic and policy analysis with rich historical, political, and ethnographic insight."--David Courtwright, author of Dark Paradise and Forces of Habit "Policymakers have long struggled with how to stem the production and international distribution of illegal drugs. The limited successes and numerous failures have not yielded many useful lessons, partly due to a paucity of carefully conducted research. The World Heroin Market provides a systematic, evidence-based analysis that will become essential reading for policymakers seeking to understand and address the heroin problem as well as broader political, economic, and security issues in source and trafficking countries. Afghanistan has put these issues back on the front burner for government leaders, and this work could not be more timely."--William S. Cohen, former U.S. Secretary of Defense "Anyone who thinks nothing changes in drug markets needs to read this book. A wonderful resource, The World Heroin Market documents in a fresh, comprehensive way the global heroin trade to argue that historical shifts in supplies, large as they are, do not transform heroin consumption--markets are resilient globally even if they can be crushed locally, often at a high price. The policy options on the supply side for a world with less drug abuse look limited in light of this sobering, illuminating, book."--John Braithwaite, Australian National University "This long-needed book is based on in-depth research and is the first to give a full overview of the development and composition of, as well as the behavior related to, the illegal business of trading in heroin. The authors very ably demonstrate what a complex problem it is to reduce national and regional opium production. They lay out the crucial conclusion that cross-border cooperation between law enforcement agencies must also be supported by increased awareness within society and by long-term economic development and political institution-building."--Max-Peter Ratzel, Director of Europol "Drugs are sold in markets and so economists ought to have something useful to say about the effects of efforts to control those prohibited substances. Alas, though they have had much to say, it has not been particularly informed by any detailed understanding of how these markets work. In this book two economists and a sociologist have teamed up to make a large contribution to fill that gap for the world heroin market. From this analysis they have deduced important insights about the inherent limits of efforts to suppress heroin production and trafficking."--Thomas Schelling, Nobel Laureate in Economics, University of Maryland

Introduction
3(12)
Prior Research
5(2)
Data Collection and Model Development
7(1)
Major Findings
8(2)
Book Outline
10(5)
PART I THE DEVELOPMENT, COMPOSITION, AND BEHAVIOR OF THE WORLD OPIATE MARKET
The Past as Prologue: The Development of the World Opiate Market and the Rise of the International Control Regime
15(26)
Introduction
15(1)
Production and Consumption, 1800-1909
16(5)
Development and Impact of the International Drug Control Regime, 1909-1945
21(5)
Rise and Impact of National Controls, 1906-1945
26(7)
Downslide and Upswing, 1945-1970, and a Brief Coda
33(6)
Concluding Remarks
39(2)
The Contemporary Market
41(28)
Introduction
41(1)
Current Conditions and Market Trends
42(11)
Properties of Supply and Demand
53(11)
Supply Control Policies
64(3)
Concluding Remarks
67(2)
Did the Taliban's Ban Really Matter?
69(16)
Introduction
69(1)
The Ban, the Cutback, and the Aftermath
70(1)
The Market Response
71(12)
Concluding Remarks
83(2)
Keeping Track of Opiate Flows
85(26)
Introduction
85(1)
An Outline of the Approach
86(2)
Data Compilation
88(12)
Data Reconciliation
100(3)
Trafficking Routes and Opiate Flows
103(3)
Concluding Remarks
106(5)
PART II COUNTRY STUDIES
Afghanistan and Burma: The Two Dominant Producers
111(33)
Introduction
111(1)
In Search of an Explanation
111(7)
Afghanistan: From Quasi-State Authorities to Protectors within the State?
118(12)
Burma: A Succession of Quasi-State Authorities
130(12)
Concluding Remarks
142(2)
India: Diversion from Licit Cultivation
144(17)
Introduction
144(1)
Opiate Consumption
145(1)
Illicit Sources of Opiates
146(2)
Diversion from Licit Production and Its Share of the Illicit Market
148(9)
Heroin Production, Trafficking, and Export
157(2)
Concluding Remarks
159(2)
Colombia: The Emergence of a New Producer
161(20)
Introduction
161(1)
Background: Cocaine, Insurgents, and Government Weakness
162(3)
The Emergence of the Opiate Industry
165(1)
Opium Production and Processing
166(6)
The Industry Players and Their Relationships
172(3)
Control Efforts
175(3)
Consumption
178(1)
Concluding Remarks
179(2)
Tajikistan: The Rise of a Narco-State
181(20)
Introduction
181(1)
The Expansion of the Illicit Opiate Industry: Explanatory Factors
182(6)
The Phases of Trafficking
188(2)
Tajikistan's Integration into the World Heroin Market
190(1)
The Rapid Growth of Local Opiate Consumption
191(1)
Drug-Trafficking Enterprises
192(5)
Concluding Remarks
197(4)
PART III POLICY ANALYSIS AND IMPLICATIONS
The Theoretical and Practical Consequences of Variations in Effective Illegality
201(34)
Introduction
201(3)
The Consequences of Strict Enforcement
204(5)
The Consequences of Lax Enforcement
209(10)
The Consequences of Non-enforcement
219(8)
Two Theses on the Role of Governments in Opiate Markets
227(6)
Concluding Remarks
233(2)
Synthesis of Findings and Lessons for Policy Making
235(58)
Findings on the World Opiate Market
235(10)
Suggestions for Leveraging Limited Policy Opportunities
245(4)
Possible Futures for International Drug Policy
249(44)
Appendix A Legal Production of Opium 259(2)
Appendix B Average Consumption and Purity 261(6)
Appendix C Central Asia: Trafficking Revenues and Economic Dependency 267(17)
Appendix D Examples of Countries with Lax Enforcement 284(9)
Notes 293(34)
References 327(32)
Index 359
Letizia Paoli is Professor of Criminology at the K.U. Leuven Faculty of Law, Belgium.

Victoria Greenfield holds the Admiral Crowe Chair in Economics at the U.S. Naval Academy.

Peter Reuter is Professor in the School of Public Policy and the Department of Criminology at the University of Maryland.