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El. knyga: World Inequality Report 2022

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  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 01-Nov-2022
  • Leidėjas: Harvard University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780674276581
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World Inequality Report 2022Didesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 01-Nov-2022
  • Leidėjas: Harvard University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780674276581
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World Inequality Report 2022 is the most authoritative and comprehensive account of global trends in inequality, providing cutting-edge information about income and wealth inequality and also pioneering data about the history of inequality, gender inequality, environmental inequalities, and trends in international tax reform and redistribution.

Produced by a team of world-leading economists, this is the benchmark account of recent and historical trends in inequality.

World Inequality Report 2022 is the most authoritative and comprehensive account available of global trends in inequality. Researched, compiled, and written by a team of world-leading economists, the report builds on the pioneering edition of 2018 to provide policy makers and scholars everywhere up-to-date information about an ever broader range of countries and about forms of inequality that researchers have previously ignored or found hard to trace.

Over the past decade, inequality has taken center stage in public debate as the wealthiest people in most parts of the world have seen their share of the economy soar relative to that of others. The resulting political and social pressures have posed harsh new challenges for governments and created a pressing demand for reliable data. The World Inequality Lab, housed at the Paris School of Economics and the University of California, Berkeley, has answered this call by coordinating research into the latest trends in the accumulation and distribution of income and wealth on every continent. This new report not only extends the lab’s international reach but provides crucial new information about the history of inequality, gender inequality, environmental inequalities, and trends in international tax reform and redistribution.

World Inequality Report 2022 will be a key document for anyone concerned about one of the most imperative and contentious subjects in contemporary politics and economics.

Recenzijos

The 2022 World Inequality Report, a huge undertaking coordinated by economic and inequality experts Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Gabriel Zucman, was the product of four years of research and produced an unprecedented data set on just how wealth is distributedThe data serves as a complete rebuke of the trickle-down economic theory. * Business Insider * The World Inequality Report said that 2020 saw the steepest increase in billionaires wealth on record. Meanwhile, 100 million people sank into extreme povertyTo help redress the imbalance, the economists call for a modest progressive wealth tax on global multi-millionaires in order to redistribute wealth. They also call for tougher action on tax evasion. * BBC News * [ The World Inequality Report] finds that the fortunes of the super-rich have grown exponentially in recent years thanks to financial assetsIn 2021, 10% of the richest people in the world held more than 52% of the worlds income while the poor held only 8.5%The observations are clear: the biggest fortunes have been enriched since the coronavirus pandemic. * Vanity Fair, France * The studys findings add to a debate about worsening inequality during a public health crisis thats hurt developing economieswhich are short of vaccines as well as financial resources to cushion the bloweven more than advanced ones. Within the rich world too, financial and real-estate markets have soared since the depths of the slump last year, widening domestic gaps. * Bloomberg *

Contents v
Executive Summary 1(13)
Introduction 14(4)
Chapter 1 Global economic inequality: insights
18(32)
What is the level of global economic inequality today?
20(1)
Global income and wealth inequality between individuals: initial insights
20(2)
Global income and wealth inequality between countries
22(2)
Income inequality varies significantly across regions
24(3)
Differences in inequality are not well explained by geographic or average income differences
27(1)
The geographical repartition of global incomes
27(1)
The limited impact of redistribution on global inequality
28(3)
The complementarity between predistribution and redistribution
31(1)
The extreme concentration of capital
32(18)
Box 1.1 Income and wealth inequality concepts used in this report
38(1)
Box 1.2 The WID.world and Distributional National Accounts Project
38(2)
Box 1.3 The rich ecosystem of global inequality data sets
40(2)
Box 1.4 Impact of the Covid crisis on inequality between countries
42(1)
Box 1.5 Impact of the Covid shock on inequality within countries
42(4)
Box 1.6 What is the relationship between Gross Domestic Product, National Income and National Wealth?
46(1)
Box 1.7 Comparing incomes, assets and purchasing power across the globe
47(3)
Chapter 2 Global inequality from 1820 to now: the persistence and mutation of extreme inequality
50(24)
Global inequality rose between 1820 and 1910, and stabilized at a high level since then
53(2)
Within-country and Between-country inequalities are as great in 2020 as in 1910
55(2)
The global economic elite never fully recovered its Belle Epoque opulence
57(3)
The regional decomposition of global inequality: back to 1820?
60(5)
Taxes and transfers do not reduce global inequality that much
65(1)
Understanding the roots of global economic inequality: center and periphery imbalances
65(4)
Global inequality within countries is higher than inequality between countries -- which remains significant
69(5)
Box 2.1 Global inequality: beyond income measures
71(3)
Chapter 3 Rich countries, poor governments
74(16)
What is wealth and what does owning capital mean?
76(2)
Global private and public wealth: insights
78(1)
The return of private wealth in rich countries
79(1)
The secular fall of public wealth was exacerbated by the Covid-19 crisis
79(2)
The rise of private wealth in emerging countries
81(1)
The decline of public wealth across the world
82(2)
Net foreign wealth has largely increased in East Asia and fallen in North America
84(1)
Financialization increased everywhere since 1980, but at different speeds
85(1)
Economies are increasingly owned by foreigners but some have resisted this trend more than others
86(4)
Box 3.1 How do we measure wealth inequality within countries?
88(2)
Chapter 4 Global wealth inequality: the rise of multimillionaires
90(16)
Global wealth data remain opaque
92(1)
How large is global wealth and where is it held?
93(2)
The uneven increase in wealth since the 1990s
95(1)
Extreme growth at the very top
96(1)
The evolution of wealth inequality in rich countries
97(3)
Wealth inequality in emerging countries
100(1)
What is driving global wealth inequality?
101(5)
Box 4.1 Who owns what? Breaking down asset ownership by wealth group
103(1)
Box 4.2 How do we measure wealth inequality?
103(3)
Chapter 5 Half the sky? The female labor income share from a global perspective
106(16)
Female labor income share across the world today: regional divides
109(1)
Evolution of women's income share across the world
110(1)
Women earn just a third of labor income across the globe
111(1)
The role of pay ratios vs. employment ratios
112(2)
Breaking the glass ceiling: women at the top of the wage distribution
114(8)
Box 5.1 Methodology
116(1)
Box 5.2 Gender inequality metrics
117(5)
Chapter 6 Global carbon inequality
122(26)
The need for better monitoring of global ecological inequalities
124(1)
Global carbon inequality: initial insights
125(4)
Emissions embedded in goods and services increase carbon inequalities between regions
129(4)
Global carbon emissions inequality
133(1)
Per capita emissions have risen substantially among the global top 1%
133(3)
Inequalities within countries now represent the bulk of global emissions inequality
136(1)
Addressing the climate challenge in unequal societies
137(11)
Box 6.1 Measuring carbon inequality between individuals
145(1)
Box 6.2 Carbon footprints of the very wealthy
146(2)
Chapter 7 The road to redistributing wealth
148(12)
Why tax wealth?
150(1)
Modernizing personal wealth taxation
151(1)
Estimates for a global progressive wealth tax
152(1)
Regional wealth tax estimates
153(1)
Factoring-in behavioral responses to wealth taxation
154(6)
Box 7.1 Learning from past and current examples of progressive wealth taxation
159(1)
Chapter 8 Taxing multinationals or taxing wealthy individuals?
160(10)
The role of corporate tax in the progressivity of the tax system
162(2)
The decline in corporate taxation since the 1980s
164(1)
The promises and pitfalls of minimum taxation
165(5)
Chapter 9 Global vs unilateral perspectives on tax justice
170(12)
Usefulness of unilateral approaches: the case of FATCA
172(1)
Estimates of unilateral vs. multilateral tax deficit collection
173(2)
Anti-tax evasion schemes contain many loopholes and cannot be assessed
175(1)
Properly assessing the road towards tax transparency: publishing basic information
176(1)
Towards a global asset register
177(5)
Box 9.1 Central Security Depositories as building blocks for a global financial register
179(3)
Chapter 10 Emancipation, redistribution and sustainability
182(18)
The rise of the Welfare State in rich countries (1910-1980)
184(2)
The limited rise of tax revenue and public spending in emerging countries since 1980
186(1)
The stagnation of global tax revenue and social expenditure (1980-2020)
187(1)
Lessons from failed trickle-down economics
187(3)
The 1980-2020s have been marked by a rise of tax evasion, further undermining tax progressivity
190(1)
Using 21st-century progressive tax revenue to invest in education, healthcare and the environment
191(1)
Global redistribution: moving beyond development aid
192(1)
Ending center-periphery imbalances
193(7)
Box 10.1 One-off wealth taxes: a window of opportunity?
192(3)
Box 10.2 Unequal access to healthcare: how the Covid crisis revealed and exacerbated healthcare inequalities between countries
195(3)
Glossary
198(2)
Country-sheets
200(1)
Algeria
201(2)
Argentina
203(2)
Australia
205(2)
Brazil
207(2)
Canada
209(2)
Chile
211(2)
China
213(2)
France
215(2)
Germany
217(2)
India
219(2)
Indonesia
221(2)
Israel
223(2)
Italy
225(2)
Japan
227(2)
Mexico
229(2)
Morocco
231(2)
Nigeria
233(2)
Poland
235(2)
Russia
237(2)
South Africa
239(2)
South Korea
241(2)
Spain
243(2)
Sweden
245(2)
Turkey
247(2)
United Kingdom
249(2)
United States
251
Lucas Chancel is Affiliate Professor at Sciences Po and Codirector of the World Inequality Lab at the Paris School of Economics. Thomas Piketty is Professor of Economics and Economic History at LÉcole des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) and at the Paris School of Economics and Codirector of the World Inequality Lab. Emmanuel Saez is Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley, and Director of the Center for Equitable Growth. Gabriel Zucman is Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley, and Director of the EU Tax Observatory.
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