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X-Ray Fluorescence in Biological Sciences: Principles, Instrumentation, and Applications [Kietas viršelis]

Edited by (University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India), Edited by (Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India), Edited by (Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan)
  • Formatas: Hardback, 688 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 244x170x39 mm, weight: 1559 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 28-Apr-2022
  • Leidėjas: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1119645549
  • ISBN-13: 9781119645542
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
X-Ray Fluorescence in Biological Sciences: Principles, Instrumentation, and ApplicationsDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Hardback, 688 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 244x170x39 mm, weight: 1559 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 28-Apr-2022
  • Leidėjas: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1119645549
  • ISBN-13: 9781119645542
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781119645542.html
Raktažodžiai:
"Detection of mineral and metal distribution in any type of materials has always been a great matter of interest between the scientific communities, because, minerals plays a very vital role in all living system. Although there are several techniques by which availability of mineral or metals can be detected but these techniques need a very lengthy and systematic sample preparations and very time consuming on the contrary XRF is a very quick, authentic and required very minimal sample preparations. Application of XRF in Biological Sciences will extensively cover the broad application of XRF in biological sciences including chemical biology, clinical science and plant science, and the advances of the XRF imaging technique in these fields. Particularly, the focus will be towards the understanding and investigating the intercellular structures and metal investigation in plant cells. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) is a powerful tool for quantitative mapping of multi element allocations in biological cells. Technological developments of simple X-ray fluorescence spectrometry has resulted in a number of micro-analytical methods, such as energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF), total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TXRF), micro-proton induced X-ray emission (micro-PIXE), electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA), synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy (SXRF, SRIXE, or micro-XRF) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). These techniques have biological applications for different areas of study and are useful for the imaging of elemental distribution in the biological cells or section of tissues. XRF also has the special capabilities for trace element sensitivity, combined with the ability to provide information regarding the oxidation state and coordination of metal cations, so is ideally suited to study the intracellular distribution and speciation of trace elements, toxic heavy metals, therapeutic or diagnostic metal complexes, submicron elemental imaging of bacteria and protist cells, detecting the function of transition metals in neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, this book will provide the detailed information of XRF based techniques, including the protocol and practical approaches"--

Discover a comprehensive exploration of X-ray fluorescence in chemical biology and the clinical and plant sciences

In X-Ray Fluorescence in Biological Sciences: Principles, Instrumentation and Applications, a team of accomplished researchers delivers extensive coverage of the application of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) in the biological sciences, including chemical biology, clinical science, and plant science. The book also explores recent advances in XRF imaging techniques in these fields.

The authors focus on understanding and investigating the intercellular structures and metals in plant cells, with advanced discussions of recently developed micro-analytical methods, like energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF), total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TXRF), micro-proton induced X-ray emission (micro-PIXE), electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA), synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy (SXRF, SRIXE, or micro-XRF) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS).

With thorough descriptions of protocol and practical approaches, the book also includes:

  • A thorough introduction to the historical background and fundamentals of X-ray fluorescence, as well as recent developments in X-ray fluorescence analysis
  • Comprehensive explorations of the general properties, production, and detection of X-rays and the preparation of samples for X-ray fluorescence analysis
  • Practical discussions of the quantification of prepared samples observed under X-ray fluorescence and the relation between precision and beam size and sample amount
  • In-depth examinations of wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence and living materials

Perfect for students and researchers studying the natural and chemical sciences, medical biology, plant physiology, agriculture, and botany, X-Ray Fluorescence in Biological Sciences: Principles, Instrumentation and Applications will also earn a place in the libraries of researchers at biotechnology companies.

List of Contributors xxiii
Preface xxxi
Part I General Introduction 1(114)
1 X-Ray Fluorescence and Comparison with Other Analytical Methods (AAS, ICP-AES, LA-ICP-MS, IC, LIBS, SEM-EDS, and XRD)
3(18)
Kanishka Rawat
Neha Sharma
Vivek Kumar Singh
1.1 Introduction
3(1)
1.2 Analytical Capabilities of XRF and Micro-XRF
4(1)
1.2.1 Micro-XRF
4(1)
1.3 Comparison with Other Analytical Methods
4(13)
1.3.1 Overview
4(1)
1.3.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma (IC P) Analysis
5(1)
1.3.2.1 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)
5(5)
1.3.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES)
10(1)
1.3.4 Ion Chromatography (IC)
11(1)
1.3.5 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
12(1)
1.3.6 Proton-Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE)
13(1)
1.3.7 Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS)
14(1)
1.3.7.1 Differences in XRF and SEM-EDS (Sample Handling, Experimental Conditions, Sample Stress, and Excitation Sources)
14(1)
1.3.7.2 Combination of SEM-EDS and µ-XRF
16(1)
1.4 Comparison of XRF and XRD
17(1)
1.5 Comparison of XRF and Raman Spectroscopy
18(1)
1.6 Conclusion and Prospects
19(1)
References
19(2)
2 X-Ray Fluorescence for Multi-elemental Analysis of Vegetation Samples
21(16)
Eva Margui
Ignasi Queralt
2.1 Introduction
21(1)
2.2 Features and Analytical Capabilities of XRF Configurations used in Vegetation Sample Analysis
22(4)
2.3 General Sample Treatment Procedures used for Vegetation Sample Analysis using XRF Techniques
26(3)
2.4 Applications of XRF in the Field of Vegetation Samples Analysis
29(3)
2.4.1 Environmental Studies
29(2)
2.4.2 Nutritional and Agronomic Studies
31(1)
2.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
32(1)
References
33(4)
3 X-Ray Fluorescence Studies of Tea and Coffee
37(24)
Anatoly G. Revenko
Darya S. Sharykina
3.1 Introduction
37(2)
3.2 The Equipment Used
39(1)
3.3 Preparation of Samples for Analysis
39(1)
3.4 Examples of Practical Applications of XRF for Tea Research
40(6)
3.5 Examples of Practical Applications of XRF for Coffee Research
46(4)
3.6 Determination of the Elemental Composition of Krasnodar Tea Samples by TXRF and WDXRF
50(2)
3.6.1 Instrumentation
51(1)
3.6.2 Suspension Preparation
51(1)
3.6.3 Infusion Preparation
51(1)
3.6.4 Acid Digestion
51(1)
3.6.5 Preparation of Samples for WDXRF
52(1)
3.6.6 Results and Discussion
52(1)
3.7 Interelement Effects and Procedures of their Accounting
52(3)
3.8 Conclusion
55(1)
References
55(6)
4 Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence and it's Suitability for Biological Samples
61(12)
N.L. Mishra
Sangita Dhara
4.1 Introduction
61(1)
4.2 Advantages and Limitations of conventional XRF for Elemental Determinations in Biological Systems
62(1)
4.3 Factors Limiting the Application of XRF for Biological Sample Analysis
63(1)
4.4 Modifying XRF to Make it Suitable for Elemental Determinations at Trace Levels: Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence (TXRF) Spectrometry
63(7)
4.4.1 Principles of TXRF
64(1)
4.4.2 Theoretical Considerations
64(4)
4.4.3 TXRF Instrumentation for Trace Element Determination
68(1)
4.4.4 Sample Preparation for TXRF Analysis
68(2)
4.5 Suitability of TXRF for Elemental Analysis in Biological Samples
70(2)
References
72(1)
5 Micro X-Ray Fluorescence and X-Ray Absorption near Edge Structure Analysis of Heavy Metals in Micro-organism
73(8)
Changling Lao
Liqiang Luo
Yating Shen
Shuai Zhu
5.1 Introduction
73(1)
5.2 Effects of Heavy Metals on Microbial Growth
73(1)
5.3 Application of µ-XRF and XAS in Understanding the Cycling of Elements Driven by Micro-organism
74(1)
5.4 Application of µ-XRF and XAS in Understanding the Transformation of Elements Driven by Micro-organisms
75(1)
5.5 Application of µ-XRF and XAS in Understanding the Mechanism of Using Micro-organisms in Bioremediation
76(1)
5.6 The Advantage of Using µ-XRF and XAS to Explore the Interaction Mechanism Between Micro-organisms and Heavy Metals
77(1)
Acknowledgment
78(1)
References
78(3)
6 Use of Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence for Clinical Diagnosis
81(10)
Yeasmin Nahar Jolly
6.1 Introduction
81(1)
6.2 Determination of Arsenic Concentration in Human Scalp Hair for the Diagnosis of Arsenicosis Disease
82(3)
6.2.1 Background
82(1)
6.2.2 Role of EDXRF
82(1)
6.2.3 Collection and Preparation of Hair Sample
82(1)
6.2.4 Sample Preparation
83(1)
6.2.5 Sample Analysis
83(1)
6.2.6 Accuracy and Precision of the Method
84(1)
6.2.6.1 Construction of Calibration Curve
84(1)
6.2.6.2 Measured Condition
84(1)
6.3 Determination of Lead Concentrations in Human Whole Blood Using EDXRF Technique with Special Emphasis on Evaluating Association of Blood Lead Levels with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
85(3)
6.3.1 Background
85(1)
6.3.2 Role of EDXRF in Diagnosis of Blood Lead Level
86(1)
6.3.3 Collection of Blood Sample and Preparation
87(1)
6.3.4 Preparation of Pellets from Powdered Sample
87(1)
6.3.5 Sample Irradiation
87(1)
6.3.6 Precision and Accuracy of the Result
88(1)
6.4 Conclusion
88(1)
References
89(2)
7 Preparation of Sample for X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis
91(24)
Nuray Kup Aylikci
Onder Oruc
Ersin Bahceci
Abdelhalim Kahoul
Tolga Depci
Volkan Aylikci
7.1 Introduction
91(1)
7.2 Solid Samples
92(2)
7.2.1 Metallic Samples
93(1)
7.3 Powder Samples
94(4)
7.3.1 Grinding
95(1)
7.3.2 Pelletizing
96(1)
7.3.3 Fused Samples
97(1)
7.4 Liquid Samples
98(4)
7.5 Sample Preparation for Infinitely Thick and Intermediate Specimen
102(3)
7.6 Sample Preparation of Animal Cells
105(1)
7.7 Sample Preparation of Plant Section
106(2)
7.8 Precautions During Sample Preparation and Handling
108(1)
7.9 Conclusion and Future Directions
108(1)
References
109(6)
Part II Synchrotron Radiation XRF 115(88)
8 Elemental Analysis Using Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Fluorescence
117(34)
M.K. Tiwari
8.1 Importance of Trace and Ultra-Trace Elemental Analysis
117(1)
8.2 Various Methods for Trace Element Analysis
118(4)
8.2.1 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) Method
118(1)
8.2.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) Method
119(1)
8.2.3 Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) Method
119(1)
8.2.4 Accelerator Ion Beam Techniques
120(1)
8.2.5 X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Method
120(1)
8.2.6 Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence (TXRF) Method
121(1)
8.3 Comparison of TXRF and EDXRF Geometries
122(3)
8.4 Synchrotron Radiation
125(2)
8.4.1 Selection of a Laboratory X-Ray Source for TXRF
126(1)
8.5 Indus Synchrotron Radiation Facility
127(1)
8.6 Microprobe X-Ray Fluorescence Beamline (BL-16)
128(4)
8.6.1 Working Principles of a Double Crystal Monochromator (DCM) Optic
129(3)
8.7 Experimental Facilities Available on the BL-16
132(14)
8.7.1 Normal EDXRF Measurements
132(2)
8.7.2 Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence (TXRF) Measurements
134(3)
8.7.3 Elemental Quantification
137(2)
8.7.4 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Nanostructures
139(2)
8.7.5 Microfocus X-Ray Beam Mode
141(1)
8.7.6 Micro-Fluorescence Mapping
142(1)
8.7.7 Micro-XRF Mapping Analysis of Old Archeological Tile Samples
143(3)
8.8 Discussion and Summary
146(2)
References
148(3)
9 Synchrotron Radiation Based Micro X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Plant Materials
151(12)
Katarina Vogel-Mikus
Paula Pongrac
Peter Kump
Alojz Kodre
Iztok Arcon
9.1 Introduction
151(1)
9.2 Instrumentation and Sample Preparation
152(2)
9.3 Case Studies
154(5)
9.3.1 Metal Tolerance Mechanisms in Hyperaccumulating Plants
154(1)
9.3.2 Metal Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants and Fungi
155(1)
9.3.3 Distribution of Mineral Nutrients and Potentially Toxic Elements in Grain
156(2)
9.3.4 Investigation of Interactions between Plants and Engineered Nanomaterials
158(1)
Acknowledgements
159(1)
References
159(4)
10 Micro X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Toxic Elements in Plants
163(12)
Jian Liu
Liqiang Luo
10.1 Introduction
163(1)
10.2 Advantages of XRF Technique for Plants Analysis
163(4)
10.3 Preparation of Plant Samples for µ-XRF Analysis
167(1)
10.4 The Case Studies of Synchrotron µ-XRF for Determination of Toxic Elements in Plants
167(4)
10.4.1 Applications in Edible Plants
168(1)
10.4.2 Applications in Accumulating Plants
169(1)
10.4.3 Applications in Hyperaccumulator Plants
169(1)
10.4.4 The Case Studies of Laboratory µ-XRF to Determine Elements in Waterlogged Oenanthe javanica DC
170(1)
10.5 Conclusion and Outlook
171(1)
References
172(3)
11 Micro X-Ray Fluorescence Studies of Earthworm (Benthonic Fauna) in Soils and Sediments
175(8)
Jing Yuan
Liqiang Luo
11.1 Introduction
175(1)
11.2 Sample Preparation Methods
176(1)
11.3 Earthworms and Soil Ecosystem
176(2)
11.3.1 Case 1-Bioaccumulation of Arsenic (As) in Earthworms
177(1)
11.3.2 Case 2-Silver(Ag) Nanoparticles Localization in Earthworms
178(1)
11.4 Overview
178(2)
References
180(3)
12 Synchronous Radiation X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Microelements in Biopsy Tissues
183(20)
V.A. Trunova
12.1 Introduction
183(1)
12.2 Samples Preparation
184(2)
12.3 Materials and Methods
186(1)
12.4 SRXRF Measurements
187(2)
12.5 SRXRF Biopsy Material of Living Organisms
189(4)
12.5.1 The Elemental Composition of Derivatives of Human Epithelial Tissues
189(2)
12.5.2 Dynamics of Derivatives of Epithelial Tissues, Human Hair and Nails
191(1)
12.5.2.1 Dynamics of Derivatives of Epithelial Tissues, Human Hair, and Nails
192(1)
12.6 Study of Elemental Composition and Inter-Element Correlations in the Liver and Lungs of Animals with Food Obesity
193(6)
12.7 Concluding Remarks
199(1)
References
199(4)
Part III Total Reflection XRF 203(68)
13 Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of some Biological Samples
205(14)
N.L. Mishra
Sangita Dhara
13.1 Introduction
205(1)
13.2 Trace Element Determinations in Marine Organisms by TXRF
206(2)
13.3 Trace Element Determination in Blood Samples by TXRF
208(1)
13.4 Analysis of Saliva and Oral Fluids by TXRF
209(2)
13.5 TXRF Analysis of Hair Samples for Detection of Metal Poisoning and Other Forensic Applications
211(2)
13.6 Kidney Stone Analysis by TXRF
213(1)
13.7 Elemental Analysis of Cancerous and Normal Tissues by TXRF
213(1)
13.8 TXRF Studies on Blood and Heart Tissues as Biomarkers of Radiation Dose
214(1)
13.9 Urine Analysis by TXRF
215(1)
13.10 Nail Analysis by TXRF
216(1)
13.11 Analysis of Human Eye Lens and Aqueous Humor of Cataract Patients
216(1)
13.12 Future Prospects for TXRF Analysis of Biological Samples
217(1)
References
217(2)
14 Recent Developments in X-Ray Fluorescence for Characterization of Nano-Structured Materials
219(30)
M.K. Tiwari
14.1 Principles of GIXRF Analysis
219(6)
14.1.1 Methodology
220(1)
14.1.2 Phenomenon of Reflection and Refraction inside a Thin Film Medium
220(3)
14.1.3 Calculation of Electric Field Intensity and Fluorescence Intensity
223(2)
14.2 A Few Case Studies
225(4)
14.2.1 Characterization of Ti/Co Bilayer Structures
227(2)
14.3 Various Computational Tools (CATGIXRF Paper)
229(1)
14.4 Structural Analysis of some Complex Nano-Structures
229(9)
14.4.1 Trilayer Thin Film Structure
229(2)
14.4.2 Multilayer Thin Film Structure
231(4)
14.4.3 Analysis of Nanoparticles
235(1)
14.4.4 Determination of Size and Shape of the Nanoparticles
236(2)
14.5 Characterization of Absorbed Impurities on Surfaces
238(6)
14.5.1 Introduction to Float Glass
238(2)
14.5.2 Problem of Tin Diffusion
240(1)
14.5.3 Experimental Measurements
241(1)
14.5.4 GIXRF Analysis
241(2)
14.5.5 X-Ray Reflectivity (XRR) Measurements
243(1)
14.6 Discussion and Summary
244(1)
References
245(4)
15 Total-Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Beverages
249(16)
Artem S. Maltsev
Rafail A. Yusupov
Soft A. Bakhteev
15.1 Introduction
249(4)
15.2 Features of Sample Preparation
253(2)
15.2.1 Direct Analysis
253(1)
15.2.2 Acid Digestion
254(1)
15.3 Thin Layer Criterion
255(1)
15.4 Quantitative Analysis
256(2)
15.5 Angular Scanning
258(1)
15.6 Absorption Effects
259(2)
15.7 Method of Standard Addition
261(1)
Acknowledgements
261(1)
References
262(3)
16 Trace Elements Analysis of Blood Samples and Serum Using Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence
265(6)
Tsenddavaa Amartaivan
Purev Zuzaan
16.1 Introduction
265(1)
16.2 Experimental
266(1)
16.3 Sample Preparation
266(1)
16.4 Applications
267(1)
16.5 Conclusions
267(1)
References
268(3)
Part IV Beginner's Guide 271(38)
17 Basics and Fundamentals of X-Rays
273(6)
Navgeet Kaur
Anju Goyal
Rakesh K. Sindhu
17.1 Introduction
273(1)
17.2 Different X-Ray Excitation Sources
274(1)
17.3 X-Ray Detectors
274(1)
17.4 X-Ray Absorption and Scattering
275(1)
17.5 Quantization and Detection Limits of X-Ray Fluorescence
275(1)
17.6 Preventive Measures
276(1)
References
276(3)
18 General Principle, Procedures and Detectors of X-Ray Fluorescence
279(8)
Rakesh K. Sindhu
Shantanu K. Yadav
Mansi Chitkara
Inderjeet S. Sandhu
Sandeep Arora
Inderjeet Verma
Evren Algin Yapar
Vivek Kumar Singh
18.1 Introduction
279(1)
18.2 Basic Principle of X-Ray Fluorescence
279(1)
18.2.1 Production of X-Rays
279(1)
18.2.2 Interaction of X-Rays with Matter
280(1)
18.3 Small Spot Instruments and Micro-XRF
280(1)
18.3.1 EDXRF Spectrometers with 2D Optics
281(1)
18.3.2 EDXRF Spectrometers with 3D Optics
281(1)
18.4 Different X-Ray Optics Configurations for Elemental Imaging in 2D/3D Using µ-XRF
281(2)
18.5 Conclusion
283(1)
References
283(4)
19 Quantitative Analysis in X-Ray Fluorescence System
287(8)
Neslihan Ekinci
F.I. El-Agawany
Esra Kavaz
19.1 Introduction
287(1)
19.2 Components for the X-Ray Spectrometry
288(2)
19.3 Analytical Methods in X-Ray Fluorescence
290(3)
19.3.1 The Standard Addition and Dilution Methods
291(1)
19.3.2 Thin Film Methods
291(1)
19.3.3 Matrix-Dilution Methods
291(1)
19.3.4 Calibration Standardization
291(1)
19.3.5 Internal Standardization
292(1)
19.3.6 Standardization with Scattered X-Rays
292(1)
19.3.7 Experimental Correction
292(1)
19.3.8 Mathematical Correction
292(1)
19.4 Concluding Remarks
293(1)
References
294(1)
20 Electronics and Instrumentation for X-Ray Fluorescence
295(14)
Marco Carminati
Carlo Fiorini
20.1 Introduction
295(3)
20.2 X-Ray Sources
298(2)
20.3 Solid-State Detectors
300(2)
20.4 Silicon Drift Detector
302(2)
20.5 Noise and Readout Electronics
304(2)
20.6 Signal Processing
306(1)
20.7 Combination with Other Techniques
306(1)
20.8 Conclusions
307(1)
References
307(2)
Part V Application to Biological Samples 309(180)
21 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Biological Materials
311(16)
Marijan Necember
Peter Kump
Katarina Vogel-Mikus
21.1 Introduction
311(1)
21.2 Theoretical Basics of EDXRF
312(3)
21.2.1 X-Ray Radiation
312(1)
21.2.2 Interaction of X-Rays with Matter
312(3)
21.3 EDXRF Instrumentation
315(2)
21.4 Quantification of EDXRF Spectra
317(1)
21.5 Sampling and Sample Preparation
317(2)
21.6 Case Studies
319(3)
21.6.1 Elemental Profiling for Ionomic Studies
319(1)
21.6.2 Food Authenticity Studies
320(2)
Acknowledgements
322(1)
References
323(4)
22 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Milk and Dairy Products
327(14)
Galina V. Pashkova
Artem S. Maltsev
22.1 Introduction
327(1)
22.2 Conventional XRF
327(6)
22.3 Total-reflection X-Ray Fluorescence
333(6)
Acknowledgements
339(1)
References
339(2)
23 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Medicinal Plants
341(22)
E.V. Chuparina
A.G. Revenko
23.1 Introduction
341(2)
23.2 Issues Highlighted in Publications
343(2)
23.3 XRF Specifications Used in Analysis of Medicinal Plants and Medicines
345(3)
23.4 Procedures of Plant Sample Preparation
348(1)
23.5 Interelement Effects, Account Ways
349(3)
23.6 WDXRF Analysis of Siberian Violets
352(3)
23.7 Concluding Remarks
355(1)
References
356(7)
24 X-Ray Fluorescence Studies of Animal and Human Cell Biology
363(8)
Neera Yadav
Shilpa Chakrabarti
Vivek Kumar Singh
24.1 Introduction
363(1)
24.2 Applications of XRF in Cell Biology
364(4)
24.2.1 Measurement of Trace Elements, Contaminants and Toxins
365(1)
24.2.2 Cellular Imaging and Measurement of Biomolecules
366(2)
24.3 Conclusion
368(1)
References
368(3)
25 Toxic and Essential Elemental Studies of Human Organs Using X-Ray Fluorescence
371(16)
Kamya Goyal
Navgeet Kaur
Anju Goyal
Rakesh K. Sindhu
Rajwinder Kaur
25.1 Introduction
371(3)
25.2 Intracellular Trace Elements
374(2)
25.2.1 Lead
374(1)
25.2.2 Cadmium
374(1)
25.2.3 Mercury
375(1)
25.2.4 Iron
375(1)
25.2.5 Iodine
375(1)
25.2.6 Platinum
376(1)
25.2.7 Gold
376(1)
25.2.8 Zinc
376(1)
25.2.9 Arsenic
376(1)
25.3 Major Elements
376(3)
25.3.1 Calcium
377(1)
25.3.2 Potassium
377(1)
25.3.3 Sodium
378(1)
25.3.4 Magnesium
378(1)
25.3.5 Sulfur
378(1)
25.4 Biological Molecules
379(1)
25.5 Non-Alcoholic and Alcoholic Beverages (Water, Tea, Must, Coffee and Wine)
380(2)
25.6 Vegetable and Aromatic Oils
382(1)
25.7 Conclusion
382(1)
References
383(4)
26 X-Ray Fluorescence for Rapid Detection of Uranium in Blood Extracted from Wounds
387(18)
Hiroshi Yoshii
Yukie Izumoto
26.1 Introduction
387(1)
26.2 Physical Properties of Uranium
387(1)
26.3 Health Effects of Uranium Uptake
388(1)
26.4 Current Uranium Contamination Inspection Methods
389(1)
26.5 Usefulness of XRF Analysis in Uranium Determination
390(1)
26.6 Examination of Blood Collection Materials
391(1)
26.7 XRF Analysis of Simulated Uranium-Contaminated Blood Collection Samples
392(9)
26.7.1 Sample Preparation
392(1)
26.7.2 XRF Device and Measurement Conditions
393(1)
26.7.3 Results of the XRF Measurements
394(3)
26.7.4 Peak Fitting
397(1)
26.7.5 Calibration Curve and Detection Limit
398(3)
26.8 Summary
401(1)
References
401(4)
27 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Human Hair
405(14)
Damdinsuren Bolortuya
Purev Zuzaan
27.1 Introduction
405(1)
27.2 Human Hair
406(1)
27.3 Methods and Materials
407(3)
27.3.1 Sample Preparation
407(1)
27.3.1.1 Sampling
407(1)
27.3.1.2 Washing
408(1)
27.3.1.3 Drying
408(1)
27.3.1.4 Grinding
409(1)
27.3.1.5 Pelletizing and Special Preparations
409(1)
27.3.1.6 Extraction/Dissolution
410(1)
27.4 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis
410(2)
27.4.1 EDXRF
411(1)
27.4.2 TXRF
411(1)
27.4.3 WDXRF
412(1)
27.5 Correlation of Trace Elements in Hair
412(1)
27.6 Conclusion
413(1)
References
413(6)
28 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry to Study Gallstones, Kidney Stones, Hair, Nails, Bones, Teeth and Cancerous Tissues
419(24)
Vivek Kumar Singh
M. Sudarshan
Neha Sharma
Brijbir S. Jaswal
Onkar N. Verma
28.1 Introduction to Trace Mineral Elements in Biomedical Samples
419(1)
28.2 Applications of XRF for Biological Specimens
420(15)
28.2.1 XRF Applications to Calcified Tissues (Teeth and Bones)
420(2)
28.2.2 XRF Applications for Rapid Analysis of Metallic Restorations
422(1)
28.2.3 XRF Applications for Gallbladder and Kidney Stones Formed in Human Body
423(5)
28.2.4 XRF Applications to Blood Samples for Trace Detection
428(1)
28.2.5 XRF Applications to Healthy and Cancerous Tissue Samples
429(2)
28.2.6 XRF Applications to Soft Tissues and Pathological Specimens (Urine, Hair, and Nails)
431(3)
28.2.7 SRXRF Application to Biological Samples
434(1)
28.3 Concluding Remarks
435(1)
Acknowledgement
436(1)
References
436(7)
29 Sampling and Sample Preparation for Chemical Analysis of Plants by Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence
443(24)
Monica Orduno Cordero
Ma Fernando Gazulla Barreda
29.1 Introduction
443(2)
29.2 Sampling and Sample Preparation
445(3)
29.2.1 Sampling
445(2)
29.2.2 Preparation of Plant Samples for Analysis
447(1)
29.3 Method of Analysis: Wavelength Dispersion X-Ray Fluorescence (WDXRF) Spectrometry
448(16)
29.3.1 Sample Preparation for WDXRF Measurement
449(1)
29.3.1.1 Matrix Effects
449(1)
29.3.1.2 Mineralogical Structure and Bonding Effects
449(1)
29.3.1.3 Particle Size
450(1)
29.3.1.4 Preparation of Pellets
451(1)
29.3.1.5 Preparation of Fused Beads
451(1)
29.3.2 Wavelength-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence
452(1)
29.3.2.1 Sources (X-Ray Tubes)
453(1)
29.3.2.2 Collimators and Masks
453(1)
29.3.2.3 Dispersive Elements
454(1)
29.3.3 WDXRF Analysis
455(1)
29.3.3.1 Selection and Optimization of the Instrumental Conditions
455(1)
29.3.3.2 Calibration
457(1)
29.3.3.3 Reference Materials
459(1)
29.3.4 Validation of the Methodology
460(1)
29.3.4.1 Validation Using Reference Materials
460(1)
29.3.4.2 Validation Using Independent Methods
463(1)
References
464(3)
30 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis in Medical Biology
467(8)
Harinderjit Singh
Rakesh K. Sindhu
30.1 Introduction
467(1)
30.2 Role of XRF in Cancerous Diagnosis
468(3)
30.2.1 Metals and Metalloids in Biological Systems
468(1)
30.2.2 X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging
468(1)
30.2.2.1 XRF Imaging of Toxic Elements
469(1)
30.2.2.2 XRF Imaging of Metals for Various Diseases
470(1)
30.2.2.3 Pharmacology of Cobalt in Medicinal Biology
470(1)
30.3 Conclusion and Future Prospects of XRF in Medical Biology
471(1)
References
472(3)
31 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis in Pharmacology
475(14)
Anatoly G. Revenko
31.1 Introduction
475(1)
31.2 Equipment Used and Procedures for Preparation of Samples for Analysis
476(1)
31.3 Examples of Applications of XRF for Pharmaceutical Products Research
477(5)
31.4 Conclusion
482(1)
References
482(7)
Part VI Special Topics and Comparision with Other Methods 489(158)
32 X-Ray Fluorescence and State-of-the-Art Related Techniques to the Study of Teeth, Calculus and Oral Tissues
491(18)
Hector Jorge Sanchez
Miriam Grenon
32.1 Introduction
491(1)
32.2 Conventional X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis
492(2)
32.3 Synchrotron Radiation Induced XRF Analysis
494(1)
32.4 Spatially-Resolved XRF for Studies of Bonds between Tooth and Dental Calculus
495(4)
32.5 Total Reflection of X-Ray Fluorescence (TXRF) for Analysis of Metals in Oral Fluids of Patients with Dental Implants
499(3)
32.6 EDIXS Microanalysis of the Local Structure of Calcium in Tooth Layers
502(3)
References
505(4)
33 Lab-scale Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer and Signal Processing Evaluation
509(42)
Harpreet Singh Kainth
Tejbir Singh
Gurjeet Singh
Devinder Mehta
Sanjiv Puri
33.1 Introduction
509(10)
33.1.1 Photon-Atom Interaction Processes
509(1)
33.1.2 Atomic Inner-Shell Photoionization
510(2)
33.1.3 Inner-Shell Vacancy Decay Processes
512(1)
33.1.3.1 Radiative Transitions
512(1)
33.1.3.2 Non-Radiative Transitions
512(1)
33.1.4 Physical Parameters Related to Inner-Shell Vacancy Decay
513(1)
33.1.4.1 Near-Edge Processes Contributing to Absorption of Incident Photons
513(1)
33.1.4.2 Single Scattering
515(1)
33.1.4.3 Multiple Scattering
515(1)
33.1.5 Scattering Processes
516(1)
33.1.5.1 Elastic Scattering
516(1)
33.1.5.2 Form Factor Formalism
516(1)
33.1.5.3 Inelastic Scattering
517(2)
33.2 Fundamental and Layout
519(10)
33.2.1 Experimental Techniques for Investigation of the Photon-Atom Interaction Processes
519(1)
33.2.2 Photon Sources
520(1)
33.2.3 Specimen Target
521(1)
33.2.4 Radiation Detectors
521(1)
33.2.5 WDXRF Spectrometer
522(2)
33.2.6 Target Preparation
524(1)
33.2.7 Detection System
525(1)
33.2.8 Intensity Correction Method
526(2)
33.2.9 Energy Resolution and Efficiency
528(1)
33.3 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
529(5)
33.3.1 Sample Preparation for Calibration Curves
533(1)
33.3.2 Sensitivity of WDXRF Instrument
533(1)
33.3.3 Instrumental Limit of Detection
534(1)
33.4 Applications
534(9)
33.4.1 Chemical Effects and Speciation in K or L X-Ray Emission Lines
534(9)
33.5 Conclusion and Prospects
543(2)
Acknowledgment
545(1)
References
545(6)
34 Chemometric Processing of X-Ray Fluorescence Data
551(12)
Vitaly Panchuk
Valentin Semenov
Dmitty Kirsanov
34.1 Introduction
551(2)
34.2 Principal Component Analysis
553(3)
34.3 Hierarchical Cluster Analysis
556(1)
34.4 Partial Least Squares (PLS)
557(4)
34.5 Other Methods
561(1)
References
561(2)
35 X-Ray Crystallography in Medicinal Biology
563(6)
Shilpa Chakrabarti
Neera Yadav
35.1 Introduction
563(1)
35.2 Drug Design
563(1)
35.2.1 XRC in Antiparasitic Drugs
563(1)
35.2.2 XRC and XRF in Anti-Cancer and Anti-Diabetic Drugs
564(1)
35.3 Monitoring Changes in Concentrations of Trace Elements
564(2)
35.3.1 XRF and Autoimmune Diseases
564(1)
35.3.2 XRC and XRF in Cardiac Function
564(1)
35.3.3 XRC in Detection of Bone Loss
565(1)
35.3.4 XRF in Elemental Analysis in Implants
565(1)
35.3.5 XRF in Study of Pathological Specimens
565(1)
35.3.6 XRF Use in Recognizing Dental Caries
565(1)
35.3.7 XRF in Detection of Trace Elements
566(1)
35.4 Conclusion
566(1)
References
566(3)
36 Historical Fundamentals of X-Ray Instruments and Present Trends in Biological Science
569(22)
Kanishka Rawat
Neha Sharma
Vivek Kumar Singh
36.1 Brief History of X-Ray Fluorescence
569(2)
36.2 Introduction
571(1)
36.3 Nature of X-Rays
572(3)
36.3.1 Properties of X-Rays
573(1)
36.3.2 Hard and Soft X-Rays
573(1)
36.3.3 Continuous Spectrum
574(1)
36.3.4 Characteristic X-Ray Spectrum
574(1)
36.4 Production of X-Rays
575(1)
36.4.1 Production by Electrons
575(1)
36.4.2 Production in Lightning and Laboratory Discharges
575(1)
36.4.3 Production by Fast Positive Ions
575(1)
36.5 Interaction of X-Rays with Matter
576(1)
36.5.1 X-Ray Absorption and Scattering
576(1)
36.6 Role of X-Rays in Biological Analysis
576(4)
36.7 Different X-Ray Excitation Sources
580(3)
36.8 X-Ray Detectors
583(2)
36.8.1 Photographic Film
583(1)
36.8.2 Semi-Conductor Detectors
584(1)
36.8.3 Gas-Filled Detectors
584(1)
36.9 Polarization of X-Rays
585(1)
36.10 Quantization and Detection Limits of X-Rays
586(1)
36.11 Preventative Measures
586(1)
36.12 Concluding Remarks
587(1)
References
587(4)
37 X-Ray Fluorescence Studies of Biological Objects in Mongolia
591(18)
P. Zuzaan
D. Bolortuya
37.1 Introduction
591(1)
37.2 Determination of Some Elements in Plant Materials of the Khuvsgul Lake Basin
591(6)
37.2.1 Preparation of Plant Samples
592(1)
37.2.2 Sample Preparation for Measurement
593(1)
37.2.3 Measurements and Methods
593(1)
37.2.4 Procedure of Analysis
594(3)
37.3 Human Hair Studies in Mongolia
597(3)
37.3.1 The Human Hair Study for Medicine of Mongolia
597(2)
37.3.2 Distribution of Calcium Content in Mongolians' Hair
599(1)
37.4 Application of X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis for Forensic Investigations in Mongolia
600(1)
37.5 Determination of Some Trace Elements in Livestock Using XRF
601(1)
37.6 Determination of Some Trace Elements in Foods Using XRF
602(1)
Acknowledgements
603(1)
References
604(5)
38 Arsenic Analysis
609(14)
Jun Kawai
38.1 Introduction
609(1)
38.2 Arsenic Species
610(1)
38.3 Gutzeit Method
611(1)
38.4 Principles of HG-AAS Arsenic Analysis
611(2)
38.5 Problems in Yamauchi's Method
613(2)
38.5.1 Glass Test Tube
613(1)
38.5.2 NaOH Decomposition
614(1)
38.5.3 pH Values for Speciation
615(1)
38.5.4 Detection Limit
615(1)
38.6 Selective Excitation of SRXRF
615(1)
38.7 Stray Light
616(2)
38.8 Conclusions
618(1)
Acknowledgements
619(1)
References
619(4)
39 X-Ray Fluorescence: Current Trends and Future Scope
623(24)
Rakesh K. Sindhu
Shantanu K. Yadav
Arashmeet Kaur
Manish Kumar
Pradeep Kumar
39.1 Introduction
623(1)
39.2 Principle
624(1)
39.3 X-Ray Fluorescence
625(1)
39.3.1 Microanalysis
625(1)
39.3.2 Particles Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy
625(1)
39.3.3 The Behavior of X-Rays
625(1)
39.3.4 X-Ray Intensity
625(1)
39.3.5 Process
626(1)
39.3.6 Synchrotron XRF (SR-XRF)
626(1)
39.4 Application of X-Ray Fluorescence Technique
626(2)
39.4.1 Pharmacological Action
626(1)
39.4.2 XRF Soft Tissue and Pathological Samples Application
627(1)
39.4.3 In Tooth Analysis
628(1)
39.5 XRF Technique Used in Biology
628(1)
39.5.1 Detection of Metal Ion(s)
628(1)
39.5.1.1 Role of Metals in Biology
628(1)
39.6 Applications of XRF in the Study of Plant Physiology
629(3)
39.6.1 Hyperaccumulating Plant
629(1)
39.6.2 Accumulators and Hyper-Sensors of Selenium
630(1)
39.6.3 Accumulators and Hyperaccumulators of Arsenic
630(1)
39.6.4 Accumulators and Hyperaccumulators of Cadmium
631(1)
39.7 Application in Animal Biology and Medicinal Biology
632(5)
39.7.1 Application in Health Science
632(1)
39.7.1.1 Mercury Toxicology
632(1)
39.7.1.2 Arsenic Toxicology
634(1)
39.7.1.3 Iatrogenic Toxic Metals
635(1)
39.7.1.4 Neurodegenerative Ailments
636(1)
39.8 Applications in Nanotechnology
637(1)
39.8.1 Potential Therapeutics and Xenobiotic Labels
637(1)
39.9 Methodological Improvement
637(1)
39.9.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
637(1)
39.9.2 Mass Spectrometry Imaging
637(1)
39.10 Molecular Fluorescence Samples
638(2)
39.10.1 Mercury
639(1)
39.10.2 Copper
639(1)
39.10.3 Zinc
639(1)
39.11 Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) Spectroscopy
640(1)
39.12 Novel X-Ray Imaging Methods
641(1)
39.13 Conclusion and Advances
642(1)
References
642(5)
Index 647
Vivek Kumar Singh, D.Phil., is Associate Professor at University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India. He is the recipient of prestigious Raman Fellowship awarded by University Grants Commission (UGC), Govt. of India for Post-Doctoral Research in Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkley, USA.

Jun Kawai, Doctor of Engineering, is Professor at Kyoto University. He is an Associate Editor of X-Ray Spectrometry and was an Associate Editor of Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry. He was also Editor-in-Chief of Advances in X-Ray Chemical Analysis Japan from 2004 to 2018.

Durgesh Kumar Tripathi, D.Phil., is Assistant Professor at Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India. He has been the recipient of the prestigious UGC-DS-Kothari Post-Doctoral Fellowship from Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, BHU, India, and the Tony B. Academic Award, 2017, Washington DC, USA.