Introduction |
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1 | (17) |
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Language Variety and Grammar |
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1 | (3) |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (3) |
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9 | (1) |
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A Guide to Non-Standard American Varieties |
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9 | (4) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (3) |
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Abbreviations and Conventions |
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16 | (2) |
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1 Sentences; Parts of Speech and Their Phrases |
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18 | (12) |
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1.1 Sentences: Subjects, Verbs, Verb Complements, and Sentence Modifiers |
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18 | (4) |
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1.2 Parts of Speech and Their Phrases |
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22 | (4) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (3) |
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2 Nouns (N) and Noun Phrases (NP) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (4) |
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34 | (3) |
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2.3 Noun Phrase Functions |
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37 | (5) |
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42 | (1) |
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2.4 Exercises: Noun Phrases |
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42 | (3) |
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3 Prepositions (P) and Prepositional Phrases (PP) |
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45 | (15) |
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3.1 Prepositions: Form and Function |
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45 | (3) |
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3.2 Prepositional Phrases: Form and Function |
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48 | (8) |
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3.3 Prepositions and Language Variations |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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3.4 Exercises: Prepositional Phrases |
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57 | (3) |
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4 Adjectives (Adj) and Adjective Phrases (AdjP); Determiners (D) and Determiner Phrases (DP) |
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60 | (18) |
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60 | (6) |
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4.1.1 Adjective Phrases: Forms and Functions |
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64 | (2) |
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4.2 Determiners and Determiner Phrases |
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66 | (6) |
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67 | (4) |
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4.2.2 Determiner Phrases: Forms and Functions |
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71 | (1) |
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4.3 What Makes Determiners Different From Adjectives? And Why Are Numbers Determiners? |
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72 | (2) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (4) |
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5 Pronouns (ProN) and Pronoun Phrases (ProNP) |
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78 | (18) |
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79 | (6) |
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5.2 Pronoun Attributes: Case, Number, Person, Gender, Animateness |
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85 | (3) |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (2) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (4) |
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96 | (44) |
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96 | (36) |
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100 | (3) |
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6.1.2 Modality, Aspect, and Voice |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (5) |
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109 | (11) |
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120 | (2) |
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6.1.3 Tense, Mood, Aspect, Voice: Putting Them All Together |
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122 | (4) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (1) |
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6.1.7 Generic Past Semi-Auxiliary used to |
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130 | (1) |
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6.1.8 Non-Standard Absent be |
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131 | (1) |
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6.1.9 How Many bes Are There? |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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6.3 Exercises: Verbs: Tense, Mood, Aspect, Voice |
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133 | (7) |
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140 | (29) |
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140 | (23) |
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7.1.1 Verbs with No Complements: Intransitive Verbs |
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141 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Verbs with One Complement |
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142 | (1) |
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7.1.2.1 Monotransitive Verbs |
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142 | (3) |
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7.1.2.2 Intransitive Linking Verbs and Copular be with a Nominal or Adjectival Subject Complement |
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145 | (2) |
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7.1.2.3 Intransitive Copular be with an Adverbial Subject Complement |
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147 | (1) |
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7.1.2.4 Intransitive Verbs with an Adverbial Complement |
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148 | (1) |
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7.1.2.5 Intransitive Quotative Verbs |
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149 | (2) |
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7.1.3 Verbs with Two Complements |
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151 | (1) |
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7.1.3.1 Ditransitive Verbs |
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151 | (2) |
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7.1.3.2 Complex Transitive Verbs with a Direct Object and a Nominal or Adjectival Object Complement |
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153 | (1) |
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7.1.3.3 Complex Transitive Verbs with a Direct Object and an Adverbial Object Complement |
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154 | (1) |
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7.1.3.4 Complex Transitive Verbs with a Direct Object and a Participle Phrase |
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155 | (1) |
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7.1.3.5 Complex Transitive Verbs with Direct Object and Infinitive Phrase |
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156 | (1) |
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7.1.3.6 Transitive Quotative Verbs |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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7.1.4.2 PVs with One Particle and One Complement |
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159 | (1) |
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7.1.4.2.1 Transitive Separable PVs |
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159 | (1) |
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7.1.4.2.2 Transitive Inseparable PVs |
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160 | (1) |
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7.1.4.3 Transitive PVwith a SecondNP Verb Complement |
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161 | (1) |
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7.1.4.4 Transitive PVwith Two Inseparable Particles |
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162 | (1) |
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7.1.4.5 PVs with Two Particles and Two Complements |
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162 | (1) |
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7.1.4.5.1 Transitive PVwith Two Separable Particles and an NP.VC |
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162 | (1) |
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7.1.4.5.2 Transitive PVwith Two Inseparable Particles and an NP.VC |
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163 | (1) |
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7.2 Summary of Verb Complement and Phrasal Verb Patterns |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (1) |
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7.3 Exercises: Verb Complements and Phrasal Verbs |
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165 | (4) |
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8 Adverbs (Adv) and Adverb Phrases (AdvP) |
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169 | (17) |
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170 | (2) |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (7) |
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180 | (1) |
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8.4 Exercises: Adverb Phrases |
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181 | (5) |
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186 | (21) |
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9.1 Coordinating Conjunctions |
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186 | (1) |
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9.2 Conjoining Punctuation |
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187 | (14) |
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187 | (1) |
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9.2.2 An Aside About Semicolons |
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188 | (3) |
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9.2.3 An Aside About Dashes and Parentheses |
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191 | (2) |
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9.2.4 A Further Aside on Hyphens |
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193 | (2) |
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9.2.5 Hey: What About Colons? |
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195 | (1) |
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9.2.6 One More Conjunctive Punctuation Mark You Don't Think About: Virgules |
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196 | (1) |
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9.2.7 Summary of Conjunctive Punctuation -Rules" |
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197 | (3) |
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A Brief Discussion of Interjections |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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9.3 Exercises: Conjunctions and Conjoining Punctuation |
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201 | (6) |
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207 | (42) |
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10.1 Independent Clauses--a.k.a. Sentences |
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208 | (11) |
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10.1.1 Interrogative Sentences |
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208 | (6) |
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10.1.2 Imperative Mood Sentences |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (2) |
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219 | (22) |
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10.2.1 Adjective Clauses (AdjCl; a.k.a. Relative Clauses) |
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220 | (3) |
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10.2.1.1 Relative Pro-words |
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223 | (5) |
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10.2.2 Noun Clauses (NCl) |
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228 | (6) |
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10.2.3 Adverb Clauses (AdvCl; a.k.a. Subordinate Clauses) |
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234 | (3) |
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10.2.3.1 Subordinating Conjunctions (SConj) |
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237 | (3) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (8) |
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11 Nominate, Adjectivals, and Adverbials |
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249 | (15) |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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250 | (11) |
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251 | (1) |
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11.5.2 Subjunct Adverbials |
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252 | (1) |
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11.3.3 Adjunct Adverbials |
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253 | (3) |
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11.3.4 Disjunct Adverbials |
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256 | (1) |
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11.3.5 Conjunctive Adverbials |
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257 | (1) |
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11.5.5 Sentence Modifiers and Clause Modifiers |
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258 | (3) |
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261 | (1) |
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11.4 Exercises: Nominals, Adjectivals, and Adverbials |
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261 | (3) |
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12 Non-Finite Verb Phrases |
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264 | (44) |
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12.1 Participles (Part) and Participle Phrases (PartP) |
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266 | (17) |
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12.1.1 Nominal Participle Phrases |
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269 | (3) |
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12.1.2 Adjectival Participle Phrases |
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272 | (4) |
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12.1.3 Adverbial Participle Phrases |
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276 | (2) |
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12.1.4 The Agent--or Patient--of the Participle |
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278 | (3) |
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12.1.5 INFPs With Auxiliary and Semi-Auxiliary Verbs |
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281 | (1) |
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12.1.6 INFP Preceded by a Subordinator |
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282 | (1) |
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12.2 Infinitives (Inf) and Infinitive Phrases (InfP) |
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283 | (14) |
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12.2.1 Nominal Infinitive Phrases |
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284 | (3) |
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12.2.2 Adjectival Infinitive Phrases |
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287 | (2) |
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12.2.3 Adverbial Infinitive Phrases |
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289 | (3) |
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12.2.4 The Agent of the Infinitive |
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292 | (1) |
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12.2.5 InfPs With Auxiliary and Semi-Auxiliary Verbs |
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293 | (1) |
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12.2.6 InfP Preceded by a Subordinator |
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294 | (3) |
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297 | (1) |
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12.3 Exercises: Participle and Infinitive Phrases |
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297 | (11) |
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13 A Grand Review Exercise |
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308 | (5) |
Index |
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313 | |