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Architectural Graphic Standards 12th edition [Kietas viršelis]

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The 'Architect's Bible' since 1932, updated with the latest codes and standards

Architectural Graphic Standards is the written authority for architects, designers, and building contractors. It provides comprehensive guidance on the visual representation of materials, products, systems, and assemblies. Updated to reflect the most current codes and standards, this new 12th edition features over 300 new drawings, tables, and designs and twenty-five percent new content. In response to architects' feedback and overwhelming demand for a more graphics-heavy format, this edition employs shorter, more accessible texts and more images of the standards and evolution of design and construction. New coverage includes building resiliency and the building envelope, expert discussion on the fundamentals of design and construction documentation, and new examination of environmental factors and material properties and performance. Sustainable Design is no longer separated, but incorporated throughout, and extensive appendices keep useful data right at your fingertips.

Graphic standards are essential to building design. They cover everything from door frames and roof designs to air ducts and outdoor sports facilities. This meticulous resource provides a compendium of planning standards, optimum dimensions, and normative construction details. The book is organized into three core sections covering: design and documentation, materials, and building elements.

Architectural Graphic Standards features:

  • Key architectural design and production processes—functional planning, environmental assessment, building resiliency, and architectural construction documentation
  • Thorough coverage of materials: concrete, masonry, metals, wood, plastics, composites, and glass
  • An exhaustive survey of building elements—substructures, shells, services, equipment, furnishings, special structures, and siteworks
  • Comprehensive appendixes filled with pertinent data such as: classic architectural elements, mathematical data, and structural calculations

Endorsed by the American Institute of Architects, this book has an enduring and unsurpassed reputation for high-quality illustration, text, and graphic design. For crucial information in a user-friendly format,Architectural Graphic Standards is the go-to reference on building design and construction.

A Note From The Publisher xiii
A Note From The AIA xiv
Architects' Tributes To Architectural Graphic Standards xv
Introduction xviii
SECTION 1 DESIGN PRINCIPLES & CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION
1(160)
Chapter 1 Functional Planning
3(70)
Human Factors
4(15)
Anthropometrics and Ergonomics
4(1)
Human Behavior
4(1)
Anthropometric Data
5(14)
Universal and Accessible Design
19(54)
Universal Design
19(20)
Accessible Design
39(3)
Technical Criteria
42(25)
Public Restrooms
67(5)
Theatre and Stage Spaces and Equipment
72(1)
Musical Instrumental Spaces and Equipment
72(1)
Audio-Visual Spaces and Equipment
72(1)
Chapter 2 Environment
73(34)
Environmental Factors
74(5)
Solar Radiation and Building Orientation
74(1)
Solar Constant, Solar Angles, and Shadow Construction
75(2)
Orientation and True North
77(1)
Solar Time
78(1)
Solar Path and Solar Angle
79(7)
Solar Angles
79(1)
Solar Path Diagrams
79(3)
Solar Position and Heat Gain
82(4)
Climate Zone
86(4)
Designing for Cold and Permafrost Climates
86(1)
Designing for Cold and Underheated Climates
87(1)
Designing for Hot Arid Climates
88(1)
Designing for Humid, Overheated Climates
88(2)
Thermal Comfort
90(2)
Climate Data
90(2)
Daylighting
92(3)
Daylighting Design
92(3)
Acoustics
95(12)
Sound
95(1)
Frequency
95(1)
Sound Absorption Properties of Materials
95(1)
Sound Energy Absorption Mechanisms
95(1)
Acoustic Measurement Terms
96(1)
Measuring Sound Absorption
96(1)
Measuring Sound Absorption Detail
96(1)
Room Acoustics
96(1)
Properties of Sound
97(1)
Use of Sound-Absorptive Materials
97(1)
Sound Transmission
97(1)
Transmission Loss
97(1)
Noise Reduction
98(1)
Sound Isolation
98(1)
Sound Isolation Detail
98(1)
Sound Transmission Control Regulations
98(1)
Impact Noise
98(1)
Impact Noise Reduction
99(1)
Impact Design Standards
99(1)
Background Noise Criteria Detail
99(1)
Acoustic Partitions
99(1)
Acoustic Partitions Detail
100(1)
More Acoustic Partitions Detail
100(1)
Sound Control Windows
101(1)
Acoustic Applications
101(1)
Open Office Acoustics
101(1)
Blocking Sound
101(1)
Masking Sound
101(1)
Absorbing Sound
102(1)
Other Factors
102(1)
Factors Affecting Acoustic Performance Detail
102(1)
Hotel Acoustics
102(1)
School Acoustics
103(1)
Lecture Hall Acoustics
103(1)
Exterior Noise Control
103(1)
Reverberation
103(1)
Performance Theater and Rehearsal Hall Acoustics
103(1)
Interior Construction
103(1)
Theater Viewing Angle and Acoustics
103(1)
Proscenium Stages
104(1)
Performance Acoustics
105(1)
Spaciousness
105(1)
Reverberation Times
105(1)
Articulation
105(1)
Focusing
105(1)
Upholstered Seats
105(1)
Balconies
105(1)
Orchestra Pit
105(1)
Sound System
105(2)
Chapter 3 Building Resiliency
107(34)
Overview
108(1)
Components of Building Resilience
109(4)
The 4Rs
109(1)
Asset (Building) Resilience and Community Resilience
110(1)
Resilience Management--Based Building Designs
111(1)
Community Resilience
112(1)
Hazard-Specific Building-Resilience Considerations
113(1)
Overview
113(1)
Durability
113(1)
Long-Term Performance
113(1)
Climate Change
114(1)
Technological Obsolescence
114(1)
Maintainability
114(1)
Safety
115(7)
Gravitational and Lateral Loads
115(1)
Wind
115(1)
Shelter
116(2)
Seismic
118(1)
Flood
119(1)
Fire
120(2)
Security
122(5)
Blast Resistance
122(2)
Chemical and Biological Protection
124(1)
Radiological and Nuclear Protection
125(1)
Ballistic Protection
125(1)
Forced Entry/Physical Attack Resistance
126(1)
Cybersecurity
126(1)
Security Planning and Design: Continuing Education
127(1)
Sustainability
128(2)
Energy and Environmental Impact
128(1)
Interaction with Resilience Strategies
128(2)
Good Practices in Resilience-Based Architectural Designs
130(6)
Overview
130(1)
Building Function and Tenants
130(1)
Building Siting and Layout
130(1)
Passive Design
131(1)
Active Systems
132(1)
Operational Infrastructure versus Life Safety/Security Infrastructure
132(2)
Multihazards Needs
134(2)
Continued Operations Goals
136(1)
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
136(3)
CPTED Concepts
136(1)
Strategies
137(1)
Subdivisions and Office Parks
138(1)
Multi-Family Dwellings
138(1)
Lifecycle Considerations in Resilience-Based Designs
139(1)
Overview
139(1)
Short-Term versus Long Term Resilience Planning
139(1)
Existing Structures versus New Buildings
139(1)
Chapter Appendices
140(1)
Resilience Assessment
140(1)
Resilience Acceptance
140(1)
Chapter 4 Architectural Construction Documentation
141(20)
Drawings
142(4)
Ideology of Construction Drawings
142(1)
National CAD Standard
142(1)
Organization
142(1)
Drawing Conventions
142(2)
Symbol Classification Structure
144(2)
Construction Specifications
146(5)
Introduction
146(1)
OmniClass Construction Classification System
147(1)
UniFormat
148(1)
MasterFormat
149(1)
SectionFormat
150(1)
Implementing Sustainable Products and Procedures
151(1)
Building Information Modeling (BIM)
151(9)
How BIM Overcomes the Limitations of CAD
152(8)
Procurement Documents
160(1)
SECTION 2 MATERIALS
161(110)
Chapter 5 Concrete
163(18)
Concrete Forming and Accessories
164(6)
General
164(1)
Concrete Formwork
164(1)
Concrete Formwork for Columns and Footings
165(1)
Concrete Formwork for Walls
166(1)
Concrete Formwork for Slabs and Beams
167(1)
Concrete Formwork Accessories
168(2)
Concrete Reinforcing
170(5)
General
170(1)
Reinforcing Steel, Welded Wire Fabric Reinforcing, Stressing Tendons, and Fibrous Reinforcing
170(3)
Placement of Steel Reinforcing
173(2)
Typical Components Applicable to Concrete Work
175(6)
Cast-in-Place Concrete
175(1)
Concrete Admixtures
175(1)
Supplementary Cementitious Materials
175(1)
Concrete Surfaces, Finishes, and Integral Color
176(2)
Concrete Surface Defects: Repair, Coatings, and Treatments
178(3)
Chapter 6 Masonry
181(28)
Typical Components Applicable to Masonry Work
182(3)
Clay Masonry Units
182(1)
Structural Facing Tile: Wall Sections and Properties
183(1)
Concrete Masonry Units
184(1)
Glass Unit Masonry
185(2)
Glass Block: Design Data
185(2)
Stone Assemblies
187(4)
Stone Uses and Properties
187(2)
Stone Masonry Patterns and Veneer
189(1)
Stone Details
190(1)
Masonry Mortaring and Grouting
191(3)
Mortar and Grout
191(3)
Masonry Anchorage, Reinforcing, and Accessories
194(5)
Masonry Anchorage and Reinforcing
194(1)
Masonry Ties
195(2)
Masonry Accessories
197(1)
Masonry Movement Joints
198(1)
Installation Guidelines and Construction Tolerances
199(10)
Lintels
199(2)
Unit Masonry
201(1)
Columns, Pilasters, and Beams
202(2)
Masonry Arches
204(2)
Glass Block Installation
206(3)
Chapter 7 Metals
209(24)
Common Characteristics, Standards, and Practices
210(6)
Properties of Metals
210(2)
Finishes on Metals
212(2)
Steel Sheets, Coils, and Plates
214(2)
Typical Metal Products Incorporated into Applicable Work Results
216(8)
Structural Metal Framing
216(8)
Decorative Metal
224(4)
Decorative Metal Detailing
224(1)
Perforated Metals
225(2)
Perforated and Sheet Metals
227(1)
CNC Machining for Metalwork
228(1)
Installation Guidelines and Construction Tolerances
228(5)
Metal Fastenings
228(5)
Chapter 8 Wood, Plastics, And Composites
233(26)
Common Characteristics, Standards, and Practices
234(2)
Wood Materials
234(2)
Wood Classification
236(1)
Wood Classification---Softwood and Hardwood
236(1)
Wood Sources
236(1)
Forest Certification
236(1)
Reclaimed Wood
236(1)
Wood Treatment
236(4)
Wood Preservatives
236(2)
Fire-Resistant Construction
238(2)
Typical Wood, Plastic, and Composite Products Incorporated into Applicable Work Results
240(12)
Plywood Design Data
240(1)
Plywood Panel Types
241(3)
Wall and Roof Sheathing
244(1)
Plywood Subflooring on Wood Framing
245(1)
Plywood Sheathing for Roofs and Soffits
246(1)
Oriented Strand Board
247(1)
Panel Products and Wood Veneers
247(2)
Panel Products and Wood Veneers
249(3)
Installation Guidelines and Construction Tolerances
252(7)
Fastenings
252(1)
Wood Adhesives
252(1)
Construction Adhesives
252(1)
Nails
253(1)
Shields and Anchors
254(5)
Chapter 9 Glass
259(12)
Common Characteristics, Standards, and Practices
260(11)
Glass Products
260(3)
Thermal Resistance Values of Glazing Materials
263(1)
Solar Gain Through Fenestration Systems
263(2)
Properties of Glazing Materials Used in Manufactured Window Units
265(6)
SECTION 3 BUILDING ELEMENTS
271(734)
Chapter 10 Element A: Substructure
273(40)
Soils and Soils Explorations
274(9)
Soils Definitions: Terms and Classifications
274(1)
Soil Studies and Reports
275(3)
Expansive Soils
278(1)
Radon in Soils
279(1)
Climatic Foundation Issues
279(4)
Foundations
283(15)
General
283(1)
Settlement and Differential Settlement
283(1)
Standard Foundations
284(1)
Shallow Foundations
285(4)
Foundations Details
289(3)
Foundation Reinforcing
292(1)
Special Foundations
293(4)
Seismic Base Isolation
297(1)
Cast-in-Place Concrete Slab
298(5)
General
299(1)
Subgrade
299(2)
Types of Slabs-on-Grades
301(2)
Crawl Space Construction
303(1)
Crawl Space Insulation and Ventilation
303(1)
Basement Construction
304(9)
Basement Walls
304(4)
Backfilling Against Basement Walls
308(5)
Chapter 11 Element B: Shell
313(214)
Design Considerations
314(6)
Climate and Energy
314(1)
Exterior Climatic Influence
314(1)
Interior Climatic Influence
315(1)
Considerations for Climate Zones
316(1)
Thermal Movement
316(4)
Sustainability and Energy
320(2)
Long-Span and Tensile Structures
320(2)
Floor Assemblies
322(4)
Roof Assemblies
326(3)
Superstructure
329(58)
Comparison of Systems
329(1)
Selected Floor Loads
330(1)
Concrete
330(10)
Structural Metal
340(4)
Balconies and Guardrails
344(1)
Space Frames
345(2)
Exterior Wall Construction
347(2)
Cold-Formed Metal Roof Framing
349(1)
Metal Roof Decking
350(1)
Metal Stairs
351(5)
Wood Framing
356(8)
Shop-Fabricated Structural Wood
364(1)
Heavy Timber Construction
365(5)
Glued-Laminated Construction
370(1)
Wood Decking
371(3)
Framing Details for Roofs
374(2)
Shop-Fabricated Wood Trusses
376(3)
Glued-Laminated Construction
379(3)
Timber Frame Roof Decking
382(2)
Composite Systems
384(2)
Glass Flooring
386(1)
Exterior Vertical Enclosures
387(81)
Exterior Walls
387(51)
Exterior Windows
438(21)
Exterior Doors
459(9)
Exterior Horizontal Enclosures
468(59)
Roofing Design Considerations
468(3)
Roof Coverings
471(45)
Roof Openings
516(11)
Chapter 12 Element C: Interiors
527(114)
Interior Construction
528(113)
Interior Partitions
528(18)
Finishes
546(20)
Interior Windows and Glazing
566(4)
Interior Doors
570(13)
Interior Hardware
583(6)
Access Panels
589(1)
Interior Floor Construction
590(3)
Floor and Base Finishes
593(14)
Floor Transitions
607(2)
Interior Ceiling Construction
609(2)
Ceiling Finishes
611(7)
Interior Specialties
618(19)
Safety Specialties
637(4)
Chapter 13 Element D: Services
641(138)
Conveying
642(13)
Design Considerations
642(1)
Elevators
642(10)
Escalators and Moving Walks
652(1)
Dumbwaiters
653(2)
Other Conveying Equipment
655(4)
Material Processing and Handling Equipment
655(4)
Chutes
659(1)
Plumbing
659(32)
Design Considerations
659(1)
Accessibility
660(1)
Sustainability
660(1)
Domestic Water Distribution
660(1)
Other Plumbing Systems
661(2)
Sanitary Waste
663(11)
Plumbing Fixtures
674(8)
Rainwater Drainage
682(3)
Graywater Systems
685(6)
Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC)
691(1)
Design Considerations
691(8)
Industry Standards
691(1)
Sustainability
691(1)
Climate and HVAC Systems
691(1)
Design Process
691(1)
Design Coordination
692(2)
HVAC System Types
694(5)
Heating/Cooling Source Components
699(12)
Heat Generation
699(8)
Refrigeration
707(4)
HVAC Distribution Arrangements and Components
711(11)
HVAC Delivery Components
722(3)
HVAC Control Systems
725(7)
Other HVAC Systems and Equipment
726(2)
Economizers
728(4)
Fire Protection
732(12)
Design Considerations
732(1)
Sprinkler Occupancy Hazard Classifications
733(1)
Types of Fires
733(1)
Sprinkler Heads
733(3)
Standpipes
736(1)
FDC Connection
736(2)
Fire-Protection Pumping Systems
738(3)
Rated/Nonrated Cabinets
741(1)
Fire-Protection Specialties
741(1)
Other Fire-Protection Systems
742(1)
Locating Pull Stations and Extinguishers
742(2)
Electrical
744(23)
Industry Standards
744(1)
Sustainability
744(1)
Transformers
744(2)
Lighting and Branch Wiring
746(6)
Electrical Panelboards, Circuit Breakers, Disconnect Switches, and Fuses
752(2)
GFCI
754(6)
Lighting Control
760(1)
Light Trespass and Light Pollution
761(1)
Facility Power Generation: PV
762(2)
Other Electrical Systems
764(3)
Communications
767(12)
Design Considerations
767(1)
Telecommunications Systems
768(4)
Local Area Networks
772(1)
Building Management Systems
773(6)
Chapter 14 Element E: Equipment And Furnishings
779(98)
Equipment
780(56)
Vehicular and Pedestrian Equipment
780(5)
Commercial Equipment
785(22)
Institutional Equipment
807(5)
Sight Lines
812(1)
Human Factors and Audiovisual Design
813(1)
Audio Intelligibility
813(1)
Presentation Rooms
814(1)
AV Support Spaces
814(1)
AV Control Rooms
815(1)
AV Equipment Rooms
815(2)
Residential Equipment
817(4)
Entertainment and Recreational Equipment
821(12)
Other Equipment
833(3)
Furnishings
836(41)
Fixed Furnishings
836(13)
Movable Furnishings
849(28)
Chapter 15 Element F: Special Construction
877(46)
Design Considerations of Integrated Construction
878(1)
Building Modules
878(3)
Integrated Frame
878(1)
External Frame
879(2)
Manufactured---Fabricated Rooms
881(9)
Clean Rooms
881(2)
Cold Storage Rooms
883(1)
Sound-Conditioned Rooms
884(1)
Saunas and Steam Baths
885(2)
Vaults
887(1)
Paint Booths
888(2)
Special Structures
890(3)
Fabric Structures
890(2)
Air-Supported Structures
892(1)
Space Frames
893(1)
Manufactured Engineered Structures
893(5)
Glazed Structures
893(1)
Metal Building Systems
894(4)
Special Function Construction
898(10)
Sound and Vibration Control
898(1)
Seismic Control
899(1)
Radiation Protection Systems
900(2)
Radio Frequency Shielding
902(3)
Nuclear Radiation Shielding
905(1)
Blast- and Ballistics-Resistant Construction
906(2)
Special Facilities Components
908(11)
Aquatic Facilities
908(9)
Detention Equipment
917(1)
Animal Containment
918(1)
Athletic and Recreation Special Construction
919(4)
Athletic Rooms
919(1)
Design Considerations
919(1)
Ice Rinks
919(4)
Chapter 16 Element G: Sitework
923(82)
Site Earthwork
924(1)
Slope Protection and Erosion Control
924(1)
Runoff Control Systems
925(5)
Natural Wetland Systems
925(1)
On-Site Runoff Control Measures
926(1)
Stormwater Wetlands
927(3)
Water Management
930(1)
Dewatering
930(1)
Basement Excavation
931(5)
Open-Cut Excavations
931(1)
Shored Excavation
931(2)
Lateral Support
933(3)
Site Grading
936(2)
Introduction
936(1)
Contours
936(1)
Slopes, Grades, and Spot Elevations
937(1)
Site Improvements
938(4)
Planning Considerations
938(4)
Parking Lots
942(4)
Design Considerations for Parking Lots
942(4)
Porous Pavements
946(4)
Porous Pavement Construction
946(1)
Alternative Porous Paving Materials
946(1)
Subdrainage
947(1)
Unit Paving
948(1)
Paver Selection
948(1)
Paver Preparation
948(2)
Pedestrian Paving
950(3)
Design Considerations
950(1)
Paving System Construction
950(3)
Exterior Stairs and Ramps
953(2)
Regulations
953(1)
Exterior versus Interior Design Standards
953(1)
Ramps
953(1)
Stair and Ramp Handrails
954(1)
Athletic and Recreational Areas
955(11)
Introduction
955(1)
Major League Baseball
955(1)
Little League Baseball and Softball
956(1)
NFL Football
957(1)
NCAA Football
958(1)
Multipurpose High School Stadium and Football Field
959(1)
Professional Soccer
960(1)
NCAA and High School Soccer
961(1)
Bocce, Field Hockey, Lacrosse, and Rugby
962(2)
Track and Field Events
964(1)
Field and Court Construction
965(1)
Site Development
966(15)
Fountains and Decorative Pools
966(5)
Playgrounds
971(1)
Retaining Walls
972(9)
Landscaping
981(10)
Urban Tree Rooting
981(1)
Irrigation
981(3)
Trees, Plants, and Ground Covers
984(2)
Construction Around Existing Trees
986(2)
Tree Planting in Urban Areas
988(3)
Selecting Plants for Rooftop Planting
991(2)
Rooftop Planting Details
991(1)
Graywater Wastewater Management
991(2)
Site Civil Utilities
993(2)
Subsurface Drainage Systems
993(1)
Storm Drainage Utilites
994(1)
Design Considerations for Surface Drainage Systems
994(1)
Porous Paving Systems
995(2)
Porous Paving Materials
995(1)
Method For Sizing Channels
996(1)
Design Considerations for Porous Paving Systems
997(1)
Storm Drainage Grates
997(2)
Grate Sizing
997(2)
Manholes, Inlets, and Catch Basins
999(2)
Site Electrical Utilities
1001(4)
Site Lighting
1001(1)
Area Lighting
1002(3)
Appendices
1005(24)
A Classical Architectural Elements
1007(12)
B Mathematical Data
1019(6)
C Structural Calculations
1025(4)
Index 1029
The American Institute of Architects (AIA) is America's largest and oldest professional society for architects. It has over 83,000 members. Its headquarters in Washington DC is governed by a Board of Directors that is nationally elected by its 300 state and local chapters. Founded in 1857, the AIA offers continuing education, conferences, and professional information to its membership and their clients. 

Dennis J. Hall, FAIA, FCSI (Charlotte, NC) FAIA, FCSI, is founder and managing principal of Hall Architects, Inc. and CEO of HALL | Building Information Group, LLC in Charlotte, NC. Hall is a forensic architect, author, and speaker.  He has received numerous awards and has served on numerous boards, committees, and panels for various professional organizations including the Associated General Contractors, the American Institute of Architects, the Construction Specifications Institute, and the American Arbitration Association.  He is a former national President of both the Construction Specifications Institute and Specification Consultants in Independent Practice and former Chancellor of the CSI College of Fellows.