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El. knyga: Bhutan: Conservation and Environmental Protection in the Himalayas

  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 15-Jan-2021
  • Leidėjas: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783030578244
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  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 15-Jan-2021
  • Leidėjas: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783030578244
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Located in the heart of the Eastern Himalayas, Bhutan practices the philosophy of Gross National Happiness (“GNH”) that embraces environmental conservation as one of the main building blocks for its sustainable development goals. Bhutan’s conservation strategies and success are largely driven by the strong political will and visionary leadership of His Majesty the King of Bhutan The nation’s Buddhist perspectives regarding a deep and abiding respect for nature; and the strategic enforcement of a wide-ranging stringent set of internal regulations and controls have helped ensure ecological gold standards in Bhutan. Moreover, the country is an active member of the international conservation community by fulfilling its implementation of various Multilateral Environment Agreements. While it emerged into the 21st century as one of the 36 global terrestrial “hotspots” in biological diversity conservation ranks, Bhutan’s sheer commitment with more than 51% of its territory being managed under the explicit status of a protected area network, and more than 70% of the land under forest cover, represents Bhutan’s exemplary dedication to protect the planet despite its smallness in size and economy, and the biological fragility exemplified by its hotspot situation.  In the face of imminent severe threats of global warming, Bhutan nonetheless exemplifies the truth that “a small country with a big conservation commitment” can make an enormous contribution to the global community.

At the regional level, Bhutan is intent upon protecting the Water Towers of Asia (that glacial expanse of the Himalayas) which is a critical resource bulwark for about one-fifth of the global population downstream in South Asia. Such protections invariably help mitigate climate change by acting as a nation-wide carbon sink through its carbon neutral policies.  In short, Bhutan has long represented one of the world’s foremost national guardians of biodiversity conservation, ecological good governance, and societal sustainability at a period when the world has entered the Anthropocene – an epoch of mass extinctions.

We envision this publication to be ecologically and ethically provocative and revealing for the concerned scientific communities, and governments. Through an extensive review of the scientific and anthropological literature, as well as the research team's own data, the Author's have set forth timely recommendations for conservation policies, strategies and actions. This book provides technical and deeply considered assessments of the state of Bhutan’s environment, its multiple, human-induced stressors and pressures; as well as extremely sound, practical techniques that would address conservation strategies in the Himalayas and, by implication, worldwide.

1 State of Environment in Bhutan
1(24)
Overview of Bhutan
1(3)
Ecological Zones and Climatic Features
4(1)
Land Use in Bhutan
5(2)
Conservation Efforts and Protected Area Systems
7(6)
Conservation Laws and Policies
13(1)
Assessment of Non-protected Area
14(1)
Sustainable Forest Management Plans in Non-protected Area
15(1)
Scientific Forest Management
16(1)
Community Forest Empowerment
16(1)
Non-wood Forest Product (NWFP) Management
17(1)
Plantation and Reforestation Programs
18(1)
Keystone Species and Conservation Areas
18(7)
Annexures
20(1)
Annexure 1.1 Classification and characteristics of vegetation zones in Bhutan (Grierson & Long, 1983, see 19)
20(2)
Annexure 1.2 Description of Classification of Land Cover Class and Sub-Class in Bhutan (See 20)
22(1)
References
23(2)
2 Drivers and Pressure on the State of Environment in Bhutan
25(46)
Background
25(1)
Illegal Activities
26(2)
Land Use
28(1)
Hydropower Projects
29(2)
Farm Roads
31(2)
Mining and Mineral Development
33(2)
Land Use for Agriculture
35(1)
Chemical Pesticides and Fertilizer
36(2)
Waste Management
38(2)
Fuel Wood Consumption
40(1)
Timber Production
41(2)
Forest Fires
43(2)
Livestock Grazing
45(4)
Air Pollution and Fossil Fuels
49(4)
Demographic and Poverty Factors
53(3)
Invasive Alien Plant Species
56(2)
Climate Change in Bhutan
58(6)
Annexure 2.1 List of Invasive Species in Bhutan
64(2)
References
66(5)
3 Non-Violent Techniques for Human-Wildlife Conflict Resolution
71(84)
Contextual Framework Within the ACPB
71(2)
Methodology
73(2)
Global Context of HWC
75(3)
Conflict Management Strategies
78(1)
Retaliatory Actions and Violent Approaches
79(3)
Lethal Control - Counterproductive
82(1)
From Conflict to Co-existence
83(1)
Safe and Non-violent Approach
84(1)
Human-Wildlife Conflict Policy
85(1)
Implementing Agencies for HWC
86(1)
Non-violent Preventive Measures
87(4)
Immuno-contraception for Population Control
91(2)
Translocation of Problem Animals
93(1)
Alternative Livelihoods
93(1)
Land-Use Planning and Landscape Management
94(1)
Mitigation Measures
95(1)
Compensation
95(2)
Insurance Schemes
97(1)
Performance Payments
98(1)
Ecotourism and Revenue Sharing
99(1)
Community Education
100(1)
Understanding the Conflict Profile
101(2)
Reporting
103(1)
Information Compilation, Management and Use
103(1)
Response Measures Taken to Alleviate a Specific or Ongoing HWC Incident
104(1)
Monitoring and Evaluation - Measuring the Performance of HWC Management
104(1)
Human-Wildlife Conflict in Bhutan
105(1)
Underlying Forces of Human Wildlife Conflicts in Bhutan
105(1)
Current HWC Situation in Bhutan
106(4)
Preventive Measures
110(1)
Mitigation Approach in Bhutan
111(2)
Strategic Outcomes
113(1)
Effective Monitoring and Evaluation
113(1)
Results and Recommendations
114(1)
Safe Outcomes
114(2)
Conflict Elements
116(1)
Non-violent and Safe Approach
117(1)
Institutional Arrangement
118(1)
Human-Wildlife Conflict Policy & Legislation
119(1)
Coping Techniques and Mechanisms
120(2)
Hotspot Mapping
122(1)
Physiological Sterilization of Wildlife
122(2)
Innovative Research Fund for Farmers
124(1)
Economic Responses to HWC
125(1)
Alternative Livelihoods
125(1)
Regional Transboundary Conservation
126(1)
Annexes
127(18)
Annexure 3.1 Indicators of the strategic outcomes of people, wildlife, assets and habitat
127(1)
Annex 3.2 Criteria used to determine strategic outcomes
128(14)
Annex 3.3 Criteria scores
142(2)
Annex 3.4 Criteria within each element scoring only 1 or 2
144(1)
References
145(10)
4 Animal Rights and Protection
155(44)
Animal Ecology and Human Interactions
155(8)
Buddhist Perspectives and Conservation Biology
163(3)
Bhutanese Buddhism and the Segue to Contemporary Animal Protection Policies
166(1)
National Law and Buddhist Ethics
167(2)
State Monastic Body
169(1)
Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)
170(2)
Tshethar (Life-Saving) Practices
172(1)
Animal Health and Rescue Centers
173(1)
Farming Systems and Livestock Population
174(2)
Meat Consumption in Bhutan
176(8)
Discussion and Recommendations on Animal Protection and Animal Rights
184(6)
Animal Protection Policy of Bhutan
184(1)
Population Control of Livestock Animals
185(1)
Institutionalization and Implementation Arrangement
185(1)
Monitoring and Implementation
186(1)
Dog Population Control
187(2)
GNH Index for Animal Kingdom
189(1)
Annexure 4.1 God's Country: The New Zealand Factor, by Michael Charles Tobias and Jane Gray Morrison, Dancing Star Foundation, 2010
190(4)
References
194(5)
5 Gap Analysis of Threatened, Rare, and Under-Represented Species in Bhutan
199(80)
Introduction
199(4)
Impacts of Extinction of Species
203(2)
Taxonomic Classification: Seven Kingdoms Model
205(1)
Objectives
205(1)
Methodology
205(1)
Assessment of Under-Represented Species in Kingdoms
206(2)
Under-Represented Species in Classification of Groups
208(1)
Records of Species Groups Under Animalia Kingdom
209(2)
Vertebrates
211(1)
Mammals
211(1)
Birds
211(1)
Amphibians and Reptiles
212(1)
Fish
212(1)
Invertebrates (Without Insects)
212(2)
Insects
213(1)
Species Groups Under Plantae Kingdom
214(1)
Tracheophy tes
215(1)
Chromista Kingdom
216(2)
Fungi Kingdom
218(2)
Protista Kingdom
220(2)
Eubacteria Kingdom
222(1)
Archaebacteria Kingdom
223(1)
Assessment of Threatened Species
223(2)
Conservation Status of Fish in Bhutan
225(2)
Threatened Endemic Plants in Bhutan
227(1)
Medicinal Plant Species
227(1)
GIS Maps for Distribution Profile of Threatened Species
228(39)
Discussion and Recommendations
267(3)
Annexures
270(6)
Annexure 5.1 List of Threatened Species of Plants (IUCN Status-2019)
270(1)
Annexure 5.2 List of Threatened Species of Mammals in Bhutan (IUCN Status-2019)
271(1)
Annexure 5.3 List of Threatened Species of Birds in Bhutan (IUCN) 2019 NBC
272(1)
Annexure 5.4 List of Threatened Fish Species
273(1)
Annexure 5.5 List of Threatened Amphibian and Reptile Species
274(1)
Annexure 5.6 Monotypic Species of Seed Plants Under Each Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species
274(2)
References
276(3)
6 Conservation Strategy of Threatened and Under-Represented Mammalian Species
279(24)
Landscape Conservation Approach
279(1)
Mammalian Species
280(1)
Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) Conservation
281(2)
Recommendations for Conservation Strategies
283(1)
Pygmy Hog (Sus salvanius) Conservation
283(1)
Recommendation for Conservation Strategy of Pygmy Hog (Sus salvanius)
284(1)
Alpine Musk Deer (Moschus chrysogaster) and Himalayan Musk Deer (Moschus leucogaster) Conservation
285(1)
Recommendations for Conservation Strategy of Musk Deer
286(1)
Dhole (Cuon alpinus) Conservation Strategy
287(1)
Recommendations for Dhole Conservation Strategy
288(1)
Golden Langur (Trachypithecus geei) Conservation Strategy
288(2)
Recommendation for Conservation Strategy of Golden Langur
290(1)
Conservation of Arunachal Macaque (Macaca munzala)
290(1)
Recommendations for Conservation Strategy of the Arunachal Macaque
291(1)
Conservation of Hispid Hare (Caprolagus hispidus)
291(1)
Recommendations for Conservation Strategy of the Hispid Hare
292(1)
Conservation of Hog Deer (Axis porcinus)
292(1)
Recommendations for Conservation Strategies of the Hog Deer
293(1)
Wild Water Buffalo (Bubalus arnee) Conservation
294(1)
Recommendations for Conservation Strategies of Wild Water Buffalo
295(1)
Discussion on Conservation of Bats
295(3)
Recommendations for Conservation Strategy of Bats
298(1)
References
298(5)
7 Conservation of Threatened and Under-Represented Species of Plants
303(20)
Endemic Plant Species
303(3)
Monotypic Plant Species
306(1)
Discussion on Threatened Orchids
306(3)
Critically Endangered Flowering Plants
309(1)
Endangered Flowering Plants
310(1)
Recommendations for Conservation Strategy of Plant Species
311(2)
In Situ Conservation
311(1)
Ex Situ Conservation
312(1)
Conservation of Bryophytes
313(1)
Ecological Significance of Bryophytes
314(1)
Economic Uses of Bryophytes
315(1)
Medicinal Use of Bryophytes
315(1)
Bryophytes as Pollution Indicators
315(1)
Bryophytes in Science and Education
316(1)
Threats to Bryophytes
316(1)
Recommendations for Conservation Strategy
317(1)
Lesser Known Timber Species in Bhutan
317(2)
Annexures
319(1)
Annexure 7.1 Most Commonly Used Timber Species (Source: FRMD/DoFPS)
319(1)
Annexure 7.2 High-Value Timber with Less Utilization (Source: FRMD/DoFPS)
319(1)
References
320(3)
8 Conservation of Threatened Birds, Reptiles, Fishes, Parasites, and Arachnids
323(22)
Bird Conservation
323(1)
Conservation of White-Bellied Heron (Ardea insignis)
324(1)
Conservation of Vultures
325(1)
Discussion on Conservation of White-Winged Duck
326(1)
Conservation Strategy of Baer's Pochard
327(1)
Conservation Strategy of Eagles
328(3)
Recommendations for Conservation Strategy of Threatened Birds
329(2)
Importance of Turtle Conservation
331(1)
Conservation Strategies
332(1)
Conservation of Threatened Fish Species
333(1)
Conservation for Ecological Importance of Parasites
334(3)
Discussion on Conservation of Spiders
337(2)
References
339(6)
9 Conservation for Food Security and Under-Represented Microbes
345
Conservation of Crop Genetic Resources
345(1)
Agro-biodiversity Gene Bank
346(1)
Preservation Under Permafrost Conditions
347(3)
Microbial Conservation Strategies
350(2)
References
352
Ugyen Tshewang is the first Bhutanese scientist who received his PhD in natural science and ecodynamics affecting livestock and populations at the University of Queensland, Australia. During his long illustrious career in the Royal Government of Bhutan, he was the Secretary of National Environment Commission the countrys apex institution of environment sector, founding Director of the National Biodiversity Centre establishing the National Gene Bank, the National Herbarium and Botanic Gardens; and served as the Governor of the countrys eastern-most province, Trashiyangtse.  Besides his numerous research publications, he led the task force representing multiple stakeholders to develop the Biodiversity Act and various environmental laws and policies of the country. Dr Tshewang was also the national focal point for Multilateral Environment Agreements dealing with the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the Basel Convention and the Montreal Protocol.

Michael Charles Tobias is a global ecologist, anthropologist, historian, explorer, author and filmmaker. He obtained his Ph.D. in the Department of History of Consciousness from the University of California-Santa Cruz and has conducted field-research in nearly 100 countries.. Tobias is the author of more than 45 books (both fiction and non-fiction, as well as several edited anthologies). In addition to his numerous books and published research papers, he has written, directed, produced, executive produced or co-executive produced well over 100 films TV series, documentaries and dramas, most pertaining to environmental, cultural, social or scientific issues. A former Professor at Dartmouth, the University of California-Santa Barbara, the University of New Mexico-Albuquerque and elsewhere. In 1996, Dr Tobias received the "Courage of Conscience Award" for his commitment to nature and non-violence. In 2004 he was the recipient of the Parabola Focus Award for his long-standing body of work aimed at creating a better world. Dr. Tobias is the long-time President of the Dancing Star Foundation (www.dancingstarfoundation.org).

Jane Gray Morrison is an ecologist whose work has taken her to over 30 countries. As a filmmaker, Ms. Morrison has produced numerous films for such networks as Discovery, PBS (where she also Co-Directed "A Day in the Life of Ireland" for Irish Television and WNET/New York), Hotspots (www.hotspots-thefilm.com) and Turner Broadcasting for which she served as Senior Producer for "Voice of the Planet," a 10-hour dramatic series based upon the history of life on Earth. Her books include "Sanctuary: Global Oases of Innocence" (www.sanctuary-thebook.com; Donkey: The Mystique of Equus Asinus; Gods Country: The New Zealand Factor; and No Vacancy. She has co-written five books published by Springer. Since 1999, Jane Morrison has served as the Executive Vice President of Dancing Star Foundation a non-profit organization that focuses on the interdisciplinary humanities and social justice movements as they concern humankind's relationship to the natural world.