Preface to Second Edition |
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xi | |
Preface to First Edition |
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xiii | |
Conventions and Commonly used Abbreviations |
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xv | |
Introduction |
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xix | |
About the Companion Website |
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xxiii | |
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1 Models and Methods for Studying Neural Development |
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1 | (24) |
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1.1 What is neural development? |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Why research neural development? |
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2 | (2) |
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The uncertainty of current understanding |
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2 | (1) |
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Implications for human health |
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3 | (1) |
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Implications for future technologies |
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4 | (1) |
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1.3 Major breakthroughs that have contributed to understanding developmental mechanisms |
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4 | (1) |
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1.4 Invertebrate model organisms |
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5 | (6) |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (4) |
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11 | (1) |
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1.5 Vertebrate model organisms |
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11 | (12) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (7) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (3) |
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1.6 Observation and experiment: methods for studying neural development |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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2 The Anatomy of Developing Nervous Systems |
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25 | (28) |
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2.1 The nervous system develops from the embryonic neuroectoderm |
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25 | (1) |
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2.2 Anatomical terms used to describe locations in embryos |
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26 | (1) |
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2.3 Development of the neuroectoderm of invertebrates |
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27 | (3) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (3) |
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2.4 Development of the neuroectoderm of vertebrates and the process of neurulation |
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30 | (17) |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (7) |
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43 | (4) |
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2.5 Secondary neurulation in vertebrates |
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47 | (1) |
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2.6 Formation of invertebrate and vertebrate peripheral nervous systems |
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47 | (5) |
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49 | (1) |
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Vertebrates: the neural crest and the placodes |
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49 | (1) |
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Vertebrates: development of sense organs |
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50 | (2) |
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52 | (1) |
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3 Neural Induction: An Example of How Intercellular Signalling Determines Cell Fates |
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53 | (24) |
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3.1 What is neural induction? |
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53 | (1) |
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3.2 Specification and commitment |
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54 | (1) |
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3.3 The discovery of neural induction |
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54 | (2) |
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3.4 A more recent breakthrough: identifying molecules that mediate neural induction |
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56 | (2) |
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3.5 Conservation of neural induction mechanisms in Drosophila |
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58 | (1) |
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3.6 Beyond the default model -- other signalling pathways involved in neural induction |
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59 | (5) |
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3.7 Signal transduction: how cells respond to intercellular signals |
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64 | (1) |
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3.8 Intercellular signalling regulates gene expression |
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65 | (10) |
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General mechanisms of transcriptional regulation |
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65 | (2) |
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Transcription factors involved in neural induction |
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67 | (2) |
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What genes do transcription factors control? |
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69 | (2) |
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Gene function can also be controlled by other mechanisms |
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71 | (4) |
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3.9 The essence of development: a complex interplay of intercellular and intracellular signalling |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (2) |
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4 Patterning the Neuroectoderm |
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77 | (28) |
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4.1 Regional patterning of the nervous system |
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77 | (4) |
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Patterns of gene expression are set up by morphogens |
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78 | (2) |
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Patterning happens progressively |
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80 | (1) |
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4.2 Patterning the anteroposterior (AP) axis of the Drosophila CNS |
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81 | (5) |
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From gradients of signals to domains of transcription factor expression |
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81 | (2) |
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Dividing the ectoderm into segmental units |
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83 | (1) |
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Assigning segmental identity -- the Hox code |
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83 | (3) |
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4.3 Patterning the AP axis of the vertebrate CNS |
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86 | (5) |
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Hox genes are highly conserved |
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87 | (1) |
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Initial AP information is imparted by the mesoderm |
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88 | (2) |
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Genes that pattern the anterior brain |
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90 | (1) |
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4.4 Local patterning in Drosophila: refining neural patterning within segments |
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91 | (6) |
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In Drosophila a signalling boundary within each segment provides local AP positional information |
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92 | (2) |
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Patterning in the Drosophila dorsoventral (DV) axis |
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94 | (2) |
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Unique neuroblast identities from the integration of AP and DV patterning information |
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96 | (1) |
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4.5 Local patterning in the vertebrate nervous system |
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97 | (6) |
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In the vertebrate brain, AP boundaries organize local patterning |
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97 | (2) |
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Patterning in the DV axis of the vertebrate CNS |
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99 | (1) |
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Signal gradients that drive DV patterning |
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100 | (1) |
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SHH and BMP are morphogens for DV progenitor domains in the neural tube |
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101 | (2) |
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Integration of AP and DV patterning information |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (2) |
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5 Neurogenesis: Generating Neural Cells |
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105 | (30) |
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5.1 Generating neural cells |
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105 | (1) |
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5.2 Neurogenesis in Drosophila |
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106 | (1) |
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Proneural genes promote neural commitment |
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106 | (1) |
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Lateral inhibition: Notch signalling inhibits commitment |
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106 | (1) |
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5.3 Neurogenesis in vertebrates |
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107 | (7) |
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Proneural genes are conserved |
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107 | (4) |
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In the vertebrate CNS, neurogenesis involves radial glial cells |
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111 | (1) |
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Proneural factors and Notch signalling in the vertebrate CNS |
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111 | (3) |
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5.4 The regulation of neuronal subtype identity |
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114 | (3) |
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Different proneural genes -- different programmes of neurogenesis |
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114 | (1) |
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Combinatorial control by transcription factors creates neuronal diversity |
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114 | (3) |
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5.5 The regulation of cell proliferation during neurogenesis |
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117 | (7) |
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Signals that promote proliferation |
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117 | (1) |
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Cell division patterns during neurogenesis |
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118 | (1) |
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Asymmetric cell division in Drosophila requires Numb |
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118 | (3) |
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Control of asymmetric cell division in vertebrate neurogenesis |
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121 | (1) |
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In vertebrates, division patterns are regulated to generate vast numbers of neurons |
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122 | (2) |
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5.6 Temporal regulation of neural identity |
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124 | (9) |
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A neural cell's time of birth is important for neural identity |
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124 | (2) |
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Time of birth can generate spatial patterns of neurons |
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126 | (2) |
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How does birth date influence a neuron's fate? |
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128 | (1) |
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Intrinsic mechanism of temporal control in Drosophila neuroblasts |
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128 | (1) |
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Birth date, lamination and competence in the mammalian cortex |
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129 | (4) |
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5.7 Why do we need to know about neurogenesis? |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (2) |
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6 How Neurons Develop Their Shapes |
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135 | (34) |
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6.1 Neurons form two specialized types of outgrowth |
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135 | (3) |
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135 | (2) |
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The cytoskeleton in mature axons and dendrites |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (3) |
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A neurite extends by growth at its tip |
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138 | (1) |
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Mechanisms of growth cone dynamics |
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139 | (2) |
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6.3 Stages of neurite outgrowth |
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141 | (2) |
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Neurite outgrowth in cultured hippocampal neurons |
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141 | (1) |
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Neurite outgrowth in vivo |
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142 | (1) |
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6.4 Neurite outgrowth is influenced by a neuron's surroundings |
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143 | (2) |
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The importance of extracellular cues |
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143 | (1) |
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Extracellular signals that promote or inhibit neurite outgrowth |
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143 | (2) |
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6.5 Molecular responses in the growth cone |
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145 | (4) |
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Key intracellular signal transduction events |
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145 | (1) |
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Small G proteins are critical regulators of neurite growth |
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145 | (2) |
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Effector molecules directly influence actin filament dynamics |
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147 | (1) |
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Regulation of other processes in the extending neurite |
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148 | (1) |
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6.6 Active transport along the axon is important for outgrowth |
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149 | (1) |
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6.7 The developmental regulation of neuronal polarity |
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149 | (4) |
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Signalling during axon specification |
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149 | (2) |
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Ensuring there is just one axon |
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151 | (1) |
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Which neurite becomes the axon? |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (3) |
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Regulation of dendrite branching |
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153 | (1) |
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Dendrite branches undergo self-avoidance |
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154 | (1) |
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Dendritic fields exhibit tiling |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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7.1 Many neurons migrate long distances during formation of the nervous system |
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157 | (1) |
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7.2 How can neuronal migration be observed? |
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157 | (7) |
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Watching neurons move in living embryos |
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158 | (1) |
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Observing migrating neurons in cultured tissues |
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158 | (1) |
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Tracking cell migration by indirect methods |
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158 | (6) |
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7.3 Major modes of migration |
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164 | (5) |
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Some migrating neurons are guided by a scaffold |
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164 | (1) |
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Some neurons migrate in groups |
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165 | (3) |
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Some neurons migrate individually |
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168 | (1) |
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7 A Initiation of migration |
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169 | (16) |
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Initiation of neural crest cell migration |
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170 | (1) |
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Initiation of neuronal migration |
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170 | (1) |
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7.5 How are migrating cells guided to their destinations? |
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170 | (6) |
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Directional migration of neurons in C. elegans |
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171 | (2) |
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Guidance of neural crest cell migration |
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173 | (1) |
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Guidance of neural precursors in the developing lateral line of zebrafish |
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174 | (1) |
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Guidance by radial glial fibres |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (3) |
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7.7 Journey's end -- termination of migration |
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179 | (3) |
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7.8 Embryonic cerebral cortex contains both radially and tangentially migrating cells |
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182 | (2) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (30) |
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8.1 Many axons navigate long and complex routes |
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185 | (5) |
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How might axons be guided to their targets? |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (1) |
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Breaking the journey -- intermediate targets |
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188 | (2) |
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190 | (4) |
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Contact guidance in action: pioneers and followers, fasciculation and defasciculation |
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191 | (1) |
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Ephs and ephrins: versatile cell surface molecules with roles in contact guidance |
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191 | (3) |
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8.3 Guidance of axons by diffusible cues -- chemotropism |
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194 | (5) |
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Netrin -- a chemotropic cue expressed at the ventral midline |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (3) |
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198 | (1) |
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Other axon guidance molecules |
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198 | (1) |
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8.4 How do axons change their behaviour at choice points? |
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199 | (8) |
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Commissural axons lose their attraction to netrin once they have crossed the floor plate |
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199 | (3) |
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Putting it all together -- guidance cues and their receptors choreograph commissural axon pathfinding at the ventral midline |
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202 | (3) |
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After crossing the midline, commissural axons project towards the brain |
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205 | (2) |
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8.5 How can such a small number of cues guide such a large number of axons? |
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207 | (2) |
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The same guidance cues are deployed in multiple axon pathways |
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208 | (1) |
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Interactions between guidance cues and their receptors can be altered by co-factors |
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208 | (1) |
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8.6 Some axons form specific connections over very short distances, probably using different mechanisms |
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209 | (1) |
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8.7 The growth cone has autonomy in its ability to respond to guidance cues |
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209 | (2) |
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Growth cones can still navigate when severed from their cell bodies |
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209 | (1) |
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Local translation in growth cones |
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210 | (1) |
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8.8 Transcription factors regulate axon guidance decisions |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (3) |
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9 Life and Death in the Developing Nervous System |
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215 | (24) |
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9.1 The frequency and function of cell death during normal development |
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215 | (2) |
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9.2 Cells die in one of two main ways: apoptosis or necrosis |
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217 | (2) |
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9.3 Studies in invertebrates have taught us much about how cells kill themselves |
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219 | (3) |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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9.4 Most of the genes that regulateprogrammed cell death in C. elegans are conserved in vertebrates |
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222 | (2) |
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9.5 Examples of neurodevelopmental processes in which programmed cell death plays a prominent role |
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224 | (8) |
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Programmed cell death in early progenitor cell populations |
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224 | (1) |
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Programmed cell death contributes to sexual differences in the nervous system |
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225 | (2) |
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Programmed cell death removes cells with transient functions once their task is done |
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227 | (3) |
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Programmed cell death matches the numbers of cells in interacting neural tissues |
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230 | (2) |
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9.6 Neurotrophic factors are important regulators of cell survival and death |
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232 | (3) |
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232 | (3) |
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235 | (1) |
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9.7 A role for electrical activity in regulating programmed cell death |
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235 | (2) |
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237 | (2) |
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239 | (26) |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (4) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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10.3 Principles of map formation |
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243 | (3) |
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Axon order during development |
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244 | (1) |
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Theories of map formation |
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245 | (1) |
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10.4 Development of coarse maps: cortical areas |
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246 | (2) |
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Protomap versus protocortex |
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246 | (1) |
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Spatial position of cortical areas |
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247 | (1) |
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10.5 Development of fine maps: topographic |
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248 | (5) |
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248 | (2) |
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Sperry and the chemoaffinity hypothesis |
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250 | (2) |
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Ephrins act as molecular postcodes in the chick tectum |
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252 | (1) |
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10.6 Inputs from multiple structures: when maps collide |
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253 | (8) |
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From retina to cortex in mammals |
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254 | (1) |
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Activity-dependent eye-specific segregation: a role for retinal waves |
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254 | (3) |
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Formation of ocular dominance bands |
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257 | (1) |
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Ocular dominance bands form by directed ingrowth of thalamocortical axons |
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257 | (2) |
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Activity and the formation of ocular dominance bands |
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259 | (1) |
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Integration of sensory maps |
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260 | (1) |
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10.7 Development of feature maps |
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261 | (3) |
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Feature maps in the visual system |
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261 | (2) |
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Role of experience in orientation and direction map formation |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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11 Maturation of Functional Properties |
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265 | (30) |
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11.1 Neurons are excitable cells |
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266 | (5) |
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What makes a cell excitable? |
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266 | (1) |
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Electrical properties of neurons |
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267 | (2) |
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Regulation of intrinsic neuronal physiology |
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269 | (2) |
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11.2 Neuronal excitability during development |
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271 | (4) |
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Neuronal excitability changes dramatically during development |
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271 | (1) |
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Early action potentials are driven by Ca2+, not Na+ |
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271 | (2) |
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Neurotransmitter receptors regulate excitability prior to synapse formation |
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273 | (1) |
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GABAergic receptor activation switches from being excitatory to inhibitory |
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273 | (2) |
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11.3 Developmental processes regulated by neuronal excitability |
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275 | (2) |
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Electrical excitability regulates neuronal proliferation and migration |
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275 | (2) |
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Neuronal activity and axon guidance |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (9) |
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278 | (1) |
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Electrical properties of dendrites |
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278 | (2) |
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280 | (1) |
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Synaptic specification and induction |
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281 | (4) |
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285 | (1) |
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Synapse selection: stabilization and withdrawal |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (7) |
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287 | (2) |
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289 | (1) |
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Mouse models of spinogenesis: the weaver mutant |
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290 | (1) |
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Molecular regulators of spine development |
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291 | (2) |
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293 | (2) |
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12 Experience-Dependent Development |
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295 | (29) |
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12.1 Effects of experience on visual system development |
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296 | (11) |
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Seeing one world with two eyes: ocular dominance of cortical cells |
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296 | (1) |
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Visual experience regulates ocular dominance |
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297 | (2) |
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Competition regulates experience-dependent plasticity: the effects of dark-rearing and strabismus |
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299 | (2) |
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Physiological changes in ocular dominance prior to anatomical changes |
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301 | (3) |
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Cooperative binocular interactions and visual cortex plasticity |
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304 | (1) |
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The timing of developmental plasticity: sensitive or critical periods |
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305 | (1) |
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Multiple sensitive periods in the developing visual system |
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306 | (1) |
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12.2 How does experience change functional connectivity? |
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307 | (15) |
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Cellular basis of plasticity: synaptic strengthening and weakening |
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309 | (1) |
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The time-course of changes in synaptic weight in response to monocular deprivation |
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310 | (2) |
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Cellular and molecular mechanisms of LTP/LTD induction |
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312 | (2) |
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Synaptic changes that mediate the expression of LTP/LTD and experience-dependent plasticity |
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314 | (4) |
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318 | (2) |
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Spike-timing dependent plasticity |
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320 | (2) |
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12.3 Cellular basis of plasticity: development of inhibitory networks |
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322 | (2) |
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Inhibition contributes to the expression of the effects of monocular deprivation |
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322 | (1) |
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Development of inhibitory circuits regulates the time-course of the sensitive period for monocular deprivation |
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323 | (1) |
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12 A Homeostatic plasticity |
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324 | (5) |
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Mechanisms of homeostatic plasticity |
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325 | (2) |
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12.5 Structural plasticity and the role of the extracellular matrix |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
Glossary |
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329 | (20) |
Index |
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349 | |