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El. knyga: Building Brains: An Introduction to Neural Development

4.10/5 (10 ratings by Goodreads)
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Serija: New York Academy of Sciences
  • Išleidimo metai: 25-Sep-2017
  • Leidėjas: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119293712
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Serija: New York Academy of Sciences
  • Išleidimo metai: 25-Sep-2017
  • Leidėjas: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119293712
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"This book describes the main elements of current understanding of the mechanisms that create the nervous system, from its first beginnings to its mature form. It explains how cells make key decisions about becoming neural, when to proliferate and when to differentiate or die, what types of neural cells to become, how to connect to each other and how these connection are refined by spontaneous and environmentally-induced activity"--Provided by publisher.

Provides a highly visual, readily accessible introduction to the main events that occur during neural development and their mechanisms

Building Brains: An Introduction to Neural Development, 2nd Edition describes how brains construct themselves, from simple beginnings in the early embryo to become the most complex living structures on the planet. It explains how cells first become neural, how their proliferation is controlled, what regulates the types of neural cells they become, how neurons connect to each other, how these connections are later refined under the influence of neural activity, and why some neurons normally die. This student-friendly guide stresses and justifies the generally-held belief that a greater knowledge of how nervous systems construct themselves will help us find new ways of treating diseases of the nervous system that are thought to originate from faulty development, such as autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, and schizophrenia.

  • A concise, illustrated guide focusing on core elements and emphasizing common principles of developmental mechanisms, supplemented by suggestions for further reading
  • Text boxes provide detail on major advances, issues of particular uncertainty or controversy, and examples of human diseases that result from abnormal development
  • Introduces the methods for studying neural development, allowing the reader to understand the main evidence underlying research advances
  • Offers a balanced mammalian/non-mammalian perspective (and emphasizes mechanisms that are conserved across species), drawing on examples from model organisms like the fruit fly, nematode worm, frog, zebrafish, chick, mouse and human
  • Associated Website includes all the figures from the textbook and explanatory movies

Filled with full-colorartwork that reinforces important concepts; an extensive glossary and definitions that help readers from different backgrounds; and chapter summaries that stress important points and aid revision, Building Brains: An Introduction to Neural Development, 2nd Edition is perfect for undergraduate students and postgraduates who may not have a background in neuroscience and/or molecular genetics.

“This elegant book ranges with ease and authority over the vast field of developmental neuroscience. This excellent textbook should be on the shelf of every neuroscientist, as well as on the reading list of every neuroscience student.” 
—Sir Colin Blakemore, Oxford University

“With an extensive use of clear and colorful illustrations, this book makes accessible to undergraduates the beauty and complexity of neural development. The book fills a void in undergraduate neuroscience curricula.”
—Professor Mark Bear, Picower Institute, MIT.

Highly Commended, British Medical Association Medical Book Awards 2012

Published with the New York Academy of Sciences

Preface to Second Edition xi
Preface to First Edition xiii
Conventions and Commonly used Abbreviations xv
Introduction xix
About the Companion Website xxiii
1 Models and Methods for Studying Neural Development
1(24)
1.1 What is neural development?
1(1)
1.2 Why research neural development?
2(2)
The uncertainty of current understanding
2(1)
Implications for human health
3(1)
Implications for future technologies
4(1)
1.3 Major breakthroughs that have contributed to understanding developmental mechanisms
4(1)
1.4 Invertebrate model organisms
5(6)
Fly
5(2)
Worm
7(4)
Other invertebrates
11(1)
1.5 Vertebrate model organisms
11(12)
Frog
11(1)
Chick
12(1)
Zebrafish
12(1)
Mouse
12(7)
Humans
19(1)
Other vertebrates
20(3)
1.6 Observation and experiment: methods for studying neural development
23(1)
1.7 Summary
24(1)
2 The Anatomy of Developing Nervous Systems
25(28)
2.1 The nervous system develops from the embryonic neuroectoderm
25(1)
2.2 Anatomical terms used to describe locations in embryos
26(1)
2.3 Development of the neuroectoderm of invertebrates
27(3)
C. elegans
27(1)
Drosophila
27(3)
2.4 Development of the neuroectoderm of vertebrates and the process of neurulation
30(17)
Frog
31(2)
Chick
33(2)
Zebrafish
35(1)
Mouse
36(7)
Human
43(4)
2.5 Secondary neurulation in vertebrates
47(1)
2.6 Formation of invertebrate and vertebrate peripheral nervous systems
47(5)
Invertebrates
49(1)
Vertebrates: the neural crest and the placodes
49(1)
Vertebrates: development of sense organs
50(2)
2.7 Summary
52(1)
3 Neural Induction: An Example of How Intercellular Signalling Determines Cell Fates
53(24)
3.1 What is neural induction?
53(1)
3.2 Specification and commitment
54(1)
3.3 The discovery of neural induction
54(2)
3.4 A more recent breakthrough: identifying molecules that mediate neural induction
56(2)
3.5 Conservation of neural induction mechanisms in Drosophila
58(1)
3.6 Beyond the default model -- other signalling pathways involved in neural induction
59(5)
3.7 Signal transduction: how cells respond to intercellular signals
64(1)
3.8 Intercellular signalling regulates gene expression
65(10)
General mechanisms of transcriptional regulation
65(2)
Transcription factors involved in neural induction
67(2)
What genes do transcription factors control?
69(2)
Gene function can also be controlled by other mechanisms
71(4)
3.9 The essence of development: a complex interplay of intercellular and intracellular signalling
75(1)
3.10 Summary
75(2)
4 Patterning the Neuroectoderm
77(28)
4.1 Regional patterning of the nervous system
77(4)
Patterns of gene expression are set up by morphogens
78(2)
Patterning happens progressively
80(1)
4.2 Patterning the anteroposterior (AP) axis of the Drosophila CNS
81(5)
From gradients of signals to domains of transcription factor expression
81(2)
Dividing the ectoderm into segmental units
83(1)
Assigning segmental identity -- the Hox code
83(3)
4.3 Patterning the AP axis of the vertebrate CNS
86(5)
Hox genes are highly conserved
87(1)
Initial AP information is imparted by the mesoderm
88(2)
Genes that pattern the anterior brain
90(1)
4.4 Local patterning in Drosophila: refining neural patterning within segments
91(6)
In Drosophila a signalling boundary within each segment provides local AP positional information
92(2)
Patterning in the Drosophila dorsoventral (DV) axis
94(2)
Unique neuroblast identities from the integration of AP and DV patterning information
96(1)
4.5 Local patterning in the vertebrate nervous system
97(6)
In the vertebrate brain, AP boundaries organize local patterning
97(2)
Patterning in the DV axis of the vertebrate CNS
99(1)
Signal gradients that drive DV patterning
100(1)
SHH and BMP are morphogens for DV progenitor domains in the neural tube
101(2)
Integration of AP and DV patterning information
103(1)
4.6 Summary
103(2)
5 Neurogenesis: Generating Neural Cells
105(30)
5.1 Generating neural cells
105(1)
5.2 Neurogenesis in Drosophila
106(1)
Proneural genes promote neural commitment
106(1)
Lateral inhibition: Notch signalling inhibits commitment
106(1)
5.3 Neurogenesis in vertebrates
107(7)
Proneural genes are conserved
107(4)
In the vertebrate CNS, neurogenesis involves radial glial cells
111(1)
Proneural factors and Notch signalling in the vertebrate CNS
111(3)
5.4 The regulation of neuronal subtype identity
114(3)
Different proneural genes -- different programmes of neurogenesis
114(1)
Combinatorial control by transcription factors creates neuronal diversity
114(3)
5.5 The regulation of cell proliferation during neurogenesis
117(7)
Signals that promote proliferation
117(1)
Cell division patterns during neurogenesis
118(1)
Asymmetric cell division in Drosophila requires Numb
118(3)
Control of asymmetric cell division in vertebrate neurogenesis
121(1)
In vertebrates, division patterns are regulated to generate vast numbers of neurons
122(2)
5.6 Temporal regulation of neural identity
124(9)
A neural cell's time of birth is important for neural identity
124(2)
Time of birth can generate spatial patterns of neurons
126(2)
How does birth date influence a neuron's fate?
128(1)
Intrinsic mechanism of temporal control in Drosophila neuroblasts
128(1)
Birth date, lamination and competence in the mammalian cortex
129(4)
5.7 Why do we need to know about neurogenesis?
133(1)
5.8 Summary
133(2)
6 How Neurons Develop Their Shapes
135(34)
6.1 Neurons form two specialized types of outgrowth
135(3)
Axons and dendrites
135(2)
The cytoskeleton in mature axons and dendrites
137(1)
6.2 The growing neurite
138(3)
A neurite extends by growth at its tip
138(1)
Mechanisms of growth cone dynamics
139(2)
6.3 Stages of neurite outgrowth
141(2)
Neurite outgrowth in cultured hippocampal neurons
141(1)
Neurite outgrowth in vivo
142(1)
6.4 Neurite outgrowth is influenced by a neuron's surroundings
143(2)
The importance of extracellular cues
143(1)
Extracellular signals that promote or inhibit neurite outgrowth
143(2)
6.5 Molecular responses in the growth cone
145(4)
Key intracellular signal transduction events
145(1)
Small G proteins are critical regulators of neurite growth
145(2)
Effector molecules directly influence actin filament dynamics
147(1)
Regulation of other processes in the extending neurite
148(1)
6.6 Active transport along the axon is important for outgrowth
149(1)
6.7 The developmental regulation of neuronal polarity
149(4)
Signalling during axon specification
149(2)
Ensuring there is just one axon
151(1)
Which neurite becomes the axon?
152(1)
6.8 Dendrites
153(3)
Regulation of dendrite branching
153(1)
Dendrite branches undergo self-avoidance
154(1)
Dendritic fields exhibit tiling
155(1)
6.9 Summary
156(1)
Neuronal Migration
157(1)
7.1 Many neurons migrate long distances during formation of the nervous system
157(1)
7.2 How can neuronal migration be observed?
157(7)
Watching neurons move in living embryos
158(1)
Observing migrating neurons in cultured tissues
158(1)
Tracking cell migration by indirect methods
158(6)
7.3 Major modes of migration
164(5)
Some migrating neurons are guided by a scaffold
164(1)
Some neurons migrate in groups
165(3)
Some neurons migrate individually
168(1)
7 A Initiation of migration
169(16)
Initiation of neural crest cell migration
170(1)
Initiation of neuronal migration
170(1)
7.5 How are migrating cells guided to their destinations?
170(6)
Directional migration of neurons in C. elegans
171(2)
Guidance of neural crest cell migration
173(1)
Guidance of neural precursors in the developing lateral line of zebrafish
174(1)
Guidance by radial glial fibres
174(2)
7.6 Locomotion
176(3)
7.7 Journey's end -- termination of migration
179(3)
7.8 Embryonic cerebral cortex contains both radially and tangentially migrating cells
182(2)
7.9 Summary
184(1)
8 Axon Guidance
185(30)
8.1 Many axons navigate long and complex routes
185(5)
How might axons be guided to their targets?
185(2)
The growth cone
187(1)
Breaking the journey -- intermediate targets
188(2)
8.2 Contact guidance
190(4)
Contact guidance in action: pioneers and followers, fasciculation and defasciculation
191(1)
Ephs and ephrins: versatile cell surface molecules with roles in contact guidance
191(3)
8.3 Guidance of axons by diffusible cues -- chemotropism
194(5)
Netrin -- a chemotropic cue expressed at the ventral midline
195(1)
Slits
195(3)
Semaphorins
198(1)
Other axon guidance molecules
198(1)
8.4 How do axons change their behaviour at choice points?
199(8)
Commissural axons lose their attraction to netrin once they have crossed the floor plate
199(3)
Putting it all together -- guidance cues and their receptors choreograph commissural axon pathfinding at the ventral midline
202(3)
After crossing the midline, commissural axons project towards the brain
205(2)
8.5 How can such a small number of cues guide such a large number of axons?
207(2)
The same guidance cues are deployed in multiple axon pathways
208(1)
Interactions between guidance cues and their receptors can be altered by co-factors
208(1)
8.6 Some axons form specific connections over very short distances, probably using different mechanisms
209(1)
8.7 The growth cone has autonomy in its ability to respond to guidance cues
209(2)
Growth cones can still navigate when severed from their cell bodies
209(1)
Local translation in growth cones
210(1)
8.8 Transcription factors regulate axon guidance decisions
211(1)
8.9 Summary
212(3)
9 Life and Death in the Developing Nervous System
215(24)
9.1 The frequency and function of cell death during normal development
215(2)
9.2 Cells die in one of two main ways: apoptosis or necrosis
217(2)
9.3 Studies in invertebrates have taught us much about how cells kill themselves
219(3)
The specification phase
221(1)
The killing phase
221(1)
The engulfment phase
222(1)
9.4 Most of the genes that regulateprogrammed cell death in C. elegans are conserved in vertebrates
222(2)
9.5 Examples of neurodevelopmental processes in which programmed cell death plays a prominent role
224(8)
Programmed cell death in early progenitor cell populations
224(1)
Programmed cell death contributes to sexual differences in the nervous system
225(2)
Programmed cell death removes cells with transient functions once their task is done
227(3)
Programmed cell death matches the numbers of cells in interacting neural tissues
230(2)
9.6 Neurotrophic factors are important regulators of cell survival and death
232(3)
Growth factors
232(3)
Cytokines
235(1)
9.7 A role for electrical activity in regulating programmed cell death
235(2)
9.8 Summary
237(2)
10 Map Formation
239(26)
10.1 What are maps?
239(1)
10.2 Types of maps
239(4)
Coarse maps
241(1)
Fine maps
242(1)
10.3 Principles of map formation
243(3)
Axon order during development
244(1)
Theories of map formation
245(1)
10.4 Development of coarse maps: cortical areas
246(2)
Protomap versus protocortex
246(1)
Spatial position of cortical areas
247(1)
10.5 Development of fine maps: topographic
248(5)
Retinotectal pathways
248(2)
Sperry and the chemoaffinity hypothesis
250(2)
Ephrins act as molecular postcodes in the chick tectum
252(1)
10.6 Inputs from multiple structures: when maps collide
253(8)
From retina to cortex in mammals
254(1)
Activity-dependent eye-specific segregation: a role for retinal waves
254(3)
Formation of ocular dominance bands
257(1)
Ocular dominance bands form by directed ingrowth of thalamocortical axons
257(2)
Activity and the formation of ocular dominance bands
259(1)
Integration of sensory maps
260(1)
10.7 Development of feature maps
261(3)
Feature maps in the visual system
261(2)
Role of experience in orientation and direction map formation
263(1)
10.8 Summary
264(1)
11 Maturation of Functional Properties
265(30)
11.1 Neurons are excitable cells
266(5)
What makes a cell excitable?
266(1)
Electrical properties of neurons
267(2)
Regulation of intrinsic neuronal physiology
269(2)
11.2 Neuronal excitability during development
271(4)
Neuronal excitability changes dramatically during development
271(1)
Early action potentials are driven by Ca2+, not Na+
271(2)
Neurotransmitter receptors regulate excitability prior to synapse formation
273(1)
GABAergic receptor activation switches from being excitatory to inhibitory
273(2)
11.3 Developmental processes regulated by neuronal excitability
275(2)
Electrical excitability regulates neuronal proliferation and migration
275(2)
Neuronal activity and axon guidance
277(1)
11.4 Synaptogenesis
277(9)
The synapse
278(1)
Electrical properties of dendrites
278(2)
Stages of synaptogenesis
280(1)
Synaptic specification and induction
281(4)
Synapse formation
285(1)
Synapse selection: stabilization and withdrawal
286(1)
11.5 Spinogenesis
286(7)
Spine shape and dynamics
287(2)
Theories of spinogenesis
289(1)
Mouse models of spinogenesis: the weaver mutant
290(1)
Molecular regulators of spine development
291(2)
11.6 Summary
293(2)
12 Experience-Dependent Development
295(29)
12.1 Effects of experience on visual system development
296(11)
Seeing one world with two eyes: ocular dominance of cortical cells
296(1)
Visual experience regulates ocular dominance
297(2)
Competition regulates experience-dependent plasticity: the effects of dark-rearing and strabismus
299(2)
Physiological changes in ocular dominance prior to anatomical changes
301(3)
Cooperative binocular interactions and visual cortex plasticity
304(1)
The timing of developmental plasticity: sensitive or critical periods
305(1)
Multiple sensitive periods in the developing visual system
306(1)
12.2 How does experience change functional connectivity?
307(15)
Cellular basis of plasticity: synaptic strengthening and weakening
309(1)
The time-course of changes in synaptic weight in response to monocular deprivation
310(2)
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of LTP/LTD induction
312(2)
Synaptic changes that mediate the expression of LTP/LTD and experience-dependent plasticity
314(4)
Metaplasticity
318(2)
Spike-timing dependent plasticity
320(2)
12.3 Cellular basis of plasticity: development of inhibitory networks
322(2)
Inhibition contributes to the expression of the effects of monocular deprivation
322(1)
Development of inhibitory circuits regulates the time-course of the sensitive period for monocular deprivation
323(1)
12 A Homeostatic plasticity
324(5)
Mechanisms of homeostatic plasticity
325(2)
12.5 Structural plasticity and the role of the extracellular matrix
327(1)
12.6 Summary
328(1)
Glossary 329(20)
Index 349
DAVID J. PRICE, ANDREW P. JARMAN, JOHN O. MASON, PETER C. KIND, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, UK.