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El. knyga: Cross-Linguistic Variation in System and Text: A Methodology for the Investigation of Translations and Comparable Texts

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The intuition that translations are somehow different from texts that are not translations has been around for many years, but most of the common linguistic frameworks are not comprehensive enough to account for the wealth and complexity of linguistic phenomena that make a translation a special kind of text.

The present book provides a novel methodology for investigating the specific linguistic properties of translations. As this methodology is both corpus-based and driven by a functional theory of language, it is powerful enough to account for the multi-dimensional nature of cross-linguistic variation in translations and cross-lingually comparable texts.



The series serves to propagate investigations into language usage, especially with respect to computational support. This includes all forms of text handling activity, not only interlingual translations, but also conversions carried out in response to different communicative tasks. Among the major topics are problems of text transfer and the interplay between human and machine activities.

1 Introduction 1(8)
1 Goals
1(1)
2 Motivation
2(1)
3 Methods
3(2)
4 Road map through this book
5(4)
2 State-of-the-art 9(24)
1 Introduction
9(1)
2 Multilingual research: Objectives and methods
10(3)
3 Hawkins' comparative typology of English and German
13(4)
4 Doherty's research on English-German contrasts in translations
17(3)
5 Baker's universal features of translations
20(3)
6 Contrastive linguistics: Register analysis
23(5)
7 Summary and conclusions
28(5)
3 Theory and model of cross-linguistic variation 33(30)
1 Introduction
33(1)
2 Systemic Functional Linguistics
34(16)
2.1 Systemic Functional Linguistics: Theory
34(1)
2.2 Systemic Functional Linguistics: Model
35(15)
2.2.1 Systemic functional grammatics and semantics
38(8)
2.2.2 Grammatical metaphor
46(3)
2.2.3 Summary: Major representational categories of the SFL model
49(1)
3 Model of cross-linguistic variation
50(10)
3.1 Stratification
51(2)
3.2 Rank
53(1)
3.3 Metafunction
54(1)
3.4 Axis
55(1)
3.5 Delicacy
56(1)
3.6 Instantiation
57(3)
4 Summary and envoi
60(3)
4 System: English-German grammatical contrasts and commonalities 63(80)
1 Introduction
63(2)
2 The grammar of the clause
65(59)
2.1 Transitivity and voice: Introduction
68(29)
2.1.1 English transitivity and voice
68(8)
2.1.2 German transitivity and voice
76(19)
2.1.3 Commonality and divergence in transitivity and voice
95(2)
2.2 Mood and modality: Introduction
97(14)
2.2.1 English mood and modality
98(3)
2.2.2 German mood and modality
101(9)
2.2.3 Commonality and divergence in mood and modality
110(1)
2.3 Theme/Rheme and Given/New: introduction
111(13)
2.3.1 Theme-Rheme and Given-New in English
113(4)
2.3.2 Theme-Rheme and Given-New in German
117(5)
2.3.3 Commonality and divergence in Theme-Rheme and Given-New
122(2)
3 Other ranks
124(14)
3.1 The nominal group in English and German
125(5)
3.2 The prepositional phrase in English and German
130(5)
3.3 Other contrastive features: Verbal group and word ranks
135(3)
4 Summary of major contrasts and commonalities
138(5)
5 Text: English-German comparable texts and translations 143(78)
1 Introduction
143(2)
2 Hypotheses and their testing
145(28)
2.1 Formulation of hypotheses
145(2)
2.2 Corpus design
147(2)
2.3 Testing of hypotheses
149(10)
2.3.1 Features for analysis
149(6)
2.3.2 Refinement of hypotheses in terms of linguistic features
155(4)
2.4 Tools and techniques
159(14)
2.4.1 Extra-linguistic information
160(3)
2.4.2 Linguistic information
163(1)
2.4.3 Tools for linguistic exploration
164(2)
2.4.4 Tools for linguistic interpretation
166(2)
2.4.5 Tools for corpus querying
168(5)
3 Analyses and interpretation of hypotheses
173(46)
3.1 Basic descriptive statistics
173(1)
3.2 Linguistic annotation and querying
173(7)
3.2.1 Automatic PoS-annotation
174(1)
3.2.2 Querying the PoS-annotated corpus
175(4)
3.2.3 Semi-automatic annotation with CODER
179(1)
3.2.4 Querying the semi-automatically annotated corpus
179(1)
3.2.5 Querying the parallel subcorpora
179(1)
3.3 Results
180(1)
3.4 Contrastive register analysis (multilingually comparable texts)
181(5)
3.4.1 Passive and passive alternatives
181(1)
3.4.2 Transitivity: Relational processes
182(1)
3.4.3 NG complexity: Premodification and postmodification
183(1)
3.4.4 Agency
184(1)
3.4.5 Theme
185(1)
3.4.6 Grammatical metaphor
185(1)
3.5 Comparison of translations and comparable texts (monolingually comparable texts)
186(9)
3.5.1 Passive and passive alternatives
187(2)
3.5.2 Transitivity: Relational processes
189(1)
3.5.3 NG complexity: Premodification and postmodification
189(4)
3.5.4 Agency
193(1)
3.5.5 Theme
194(1)
3.5.6 Grammatical metaphor
194(1)
3.6 Translation analysis (parallel texts)
195(12)
3.6.1 Passive and passive alternatives
196(1)
3.6.2 Transitivity: Relational processes
197(2)
3.6.3 NG complexity: Premodification and postmodification
199(4)
3.6.4 Agency
203(2)
3.6.5 Theme
205(1)
3.6.6 Grammatical metaphor
206(1)
3.7 Interpretation of results
207(12)
3.7.1 A classification of cases
209(2)
3.7.2 Further interpretation of effects shown in translations
211(6)
3.7.3 A convergence of effects
217(2)
4 Summary and conclusions
219(2)
6 Summary and conclusions 221(12)
1 Summary: Cross-linguistic variation in multilingual texts
221(3)
2 Assessment of the methodology
224(4)
3 Envoi: Other contexts of application; issues for future research
228(5)
Appendix A: Text sources 233(2)
Appendix B: Statistical table 235(8)
Notes 243(8)
References 251(18)
Subject Index 269(4)
Author Index 273
Elke Teich teaches at the University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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