| Preface |
|
vii | |
| Principal symbols |
|
xiii | |
|
|
|
xvii | |
|
Introduction to electromagnetic theory |
|
|
1 | (26) |
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
|
1 | (6) |
|
Charge continuity equation |
|
|
3 | (2) |
|
|
|
5 | (2) |
|
Energy flux of electromagnetic field |
|
|
7 | (3) |
|
Conservation law of the electromagnetic field |
|
|
10 | (4) |
|
Electromagnetic wave equations |
|
|
14 | (13) |
|
The Poynting vector and the Stokes parameter |
|
|
16 | (5) |
|
Harmonic time dependence and the Fourier transform |
|
|
21 | (6) |
|
Wave optics and polarization |
|
|
27 | (54) |
|
Electromagnetic theory of propagation |
|
|
27 | (8) |
|
Intensity of a light wave |
|
|
28 | (2) |
|
|
|
30 | (4) |
|
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
Complex representation of monochromatic light waves |
|
|
35 | (9) |
|
|
|
37 | (3) |
|
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
Phase and group velocities |
|
|
41 | (3) |
|
Complex representation of non-monochromatic fields |
|
|
44 | (13) |
|
|
|
47 | (2) |
|
Case of quasi-monochromatic light |
|
|
49 | (2) |
|
Successive wave-trains emitted by an atom |
|
|
51 | (3) |
|
Coherence length and coherence time |
|
|
54 | (3) |
|
Polarization of plane monochromatic waves |
|
|
57 | (24) |
|
Stokes vector representation |
|
|
61 | (4) |
|
Optical elements required for polarimetry |
|
|
65 | (6) |
|
|
|
71 | (3) |
|
Transformation of Stokes parameters |
|
|
74 | (3) |
|
|
|
77 | (2) |
|
|
|
79 | (2) |
|
Interference and diffraction |
|
|
81 | (46) |
|
Fundamentals of interference |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
Interference of two monochromatic waves |
|
|
81 | (15) |
|
Young's double-slit experiment |
|
|
86 | (4) |
|
Michelson's interferometer |
|
|
90 | (4) |
|
Mach-Zehnder interferometer |
|
|
94 | (2) |
|
Interference with quasi-monochromatic waves |
|
|
96 | (6) |
|
Propagation of mutual coherence |
|
|
102 | (4) |
|
Propagation laws for the mutual coherence |
|
|
102 | (2) |
|
Wave equations for the mutual coherence |
|
|
104 | (2) |
|
Degree of coherence from an extended incoherent source: partial coherence |
|
|
106 | (6) |
|
The van Cittert-Zernike theorem |
|
|
107 | (3) |
|
|
|
110 | (2) |
|
|
|
112 | (15) |
|
Derivation of the diffracted field |
|
|
114 | (3) |
|
|
|
117 | (2) |
|
|
|
119 | (2) |
|
Diffraction by a rectangular aperture |
|
|
121 | (2) |
|
Diffraction by a circular pupil |
|
|
123 | (4) |
|
|
|
127 | (32) |
|
|
|
127 | (14) |
|
|
|
132 | (2) |
|
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
Optical transfer function |
|
|
135 | (4) |
|
Image in the presence of aberrations |
|
|
139 | (2) |
|
Imaging with partially coherent beams |
|
|
141 | (8) |
|
Effects of a transmitting object |
|
|
141 | (2) |
|
Transmission of mutual intensity |
|
|
143 | (3) |
|
Images of trans-illuminated objects |
|
|
146 | (3) |
|
|
|
149 | (10) |
|
Resolving power of a telescope |
|
|
154 | (2) |
|
|
|
156 | (3) |
|
Theory of atmospheric turbulence |
|
|
159 | (52) |
|
|
|
159 | (2) |
|
Basic formulations of atmospheric turbulence |
|
|
161 | (18) |
|
|
|
162 | (2) |
|
|
|
164 | (2) |
|
Structure functions of the velocity field |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
Kolmogorov spectrum of the velocity field |
|
|
167 | (3) |
|
Statistics of temperature fluctuations |
|
|
170 | (2) |
|
Refractive index fluctuations |
|
|
172 | (4) |
|
Experimental validation of structure constants |
|
|
176 | (3) |
|
Statistical properties of the propagated wave through turbulence |
|
|
179 | (8) |
|
Contribution of a thin layer |
|
|
180 | (2) |
|
Computation of phase structure function |
|
|
182 | (2) |
|
Effect of Fresnel diffraction |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
Contribution of multiple turbulent layers |
|
|
185 | (2) |
|
Imaging in randomly inhomogeneous media |
|
|
187 | (10) |
|
|
|
188 | (4) |
|
Atmospheric coherence length |
|
|
192 | (3) |
|
Atmospheric coherence time |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
|
|
197 | (14) |
|
Variance due to angle of arrival |
|
|
198 | (2) |
|
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
Temporal evolution of image motion |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
|
|
202 | (2) |
|
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
Seeing at the telescope site |
|
|
205 | (2) |
|
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
|
|
207 | (2) |
|
|
|
209 | (2) |
|
|
|
211 | (48) |
|
|
|
211 | (9) |
|
Statistical properties of speckle pattern |
|
|
213 | (2) |
|
Superposition of speckle patterns |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
|
|
216 | (4) |
|
Speckle pattern interferometry with rough surface |
|
|
220 | (7) |
|
Principle of speckle correlation fringe formation |
|
|
220 | (4) |
|
Speckle correlation fringes by addition |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
Speckle correlation fringes by subtraction |
|
|
225 | (2) |
|
Stellar speckle interferometry |
|
|
227 | (19) |
|
Outline of the theory of speckle interferometry |
|
|
229 | (3) |
|
Benefit of short-exposure images |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
|
|
233 | (2) |
|
Noise reduction using Wiener filter |
|
|
235 | (3) |
|
Simulations to generate speckles |
|
|
238 | (2) |
|
|
|
240 | (3) |
|
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
|
244 | (2) |
|
Pupil-plane interferometry |
|
|
246 | (7) |
|
Estimation of object modulus |
|
|
246 | (2) |
|
|
|
248 | (5) |
|
Aperture synthesis with single telescope |
|
|
253 | (6) |
|
|
|
253 | (2) |
|
|
|
255 | (2) |
|
Non-redundant masking interferometer |
|
|
257 | (2) |
|
|
|
259 | (52) |
|
|
|
259 | (5) |
|
|
|
260 | (2) |
|
|
|
262 | (2) |
|
Wavefront analysis using Zernike polynomials |
|
|
264 | (7) |
|
Definition of Zernike polynomial and its properties |
|
|
264 | (3) |
|
Variance of wavefront distortions |
|
|
267 | (2) |
|
Statistics of atmospheric Zernike coefficients |
|
|
269 | (2) |
|
Elements of adaptive optics systems |
|
|
271 | (40) |
|
Steering/tip-tilt mirrors |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
|
|
276 | (2) |
|
Deformable mirrors with discrete actuators |
|
|
278 | (2) |
|
Bimorph deformable mirror (BDM) |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
Membrane deformable mirrors |
|
|
281 | (3) |
|
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
Deformable mirror driver electronics |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
Shack Hartmann (SH) wavefront sensor |
|
|
287 | (4) |
|
|
|
291 | (2) |
|
|
|
293 | (2) |
|
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
Zonal and modal approaches |
|
|
296 | (2) |
|
|
|
298 | (2) |
|
Accuracy of the correction |
|
|
300 | (4) |
|
|
|
304 | (4) |
|
Adaptive secondary mirror |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
Multi-conjugate adaptive optics |
|
|
309 | (2) |
|
High resolution detectors |
|
|
311 | (50) |
|
|
|
311 | (20) |
|
|
|
312 | (2) |
|
|
|
314 | (4) |
|
Detection of photo-electrons |
|
|
318 | (5) |
|
|
|
323 | (4) |
|
|
|
327 | (4) |
|
Charge-coupled device (CCD) |
|
|
331 | (12) |
|
|
|
334 | (2) |
|
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
Charge Transfer efficiency |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
|
339 | (2) |
|
|
|
341 | (2) |
|
|
|
343 | (10) |
|
CCD-based photon-counting system |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
Precision analog photon address (PAPA) camera |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
Position sensing detectors |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
|
349 | (4) |
|
|
|
353 | (5) |
|
Electron multiplying charge coupled device (EMCCD) |
|
|
353 | (4) |
|
Superconducting tunnel junction |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
|
|
358 | (3) |
|
|
|
361 | (36) |
|
Post-detection image reconstruction |
|
|
361 | (21) |
|
|
|
362 | (2) |
|
Selective image reconstruction |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Differential speckle interferometry |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
Knox-Thomson technique (KT) |
|
|
368 | (3) |
|
Triple-correlation technique |
|
|
371 | (4) |
|
Deciphering phase from bispectrum |
|
|
375 | (4) |
|
Relationship between KT and TC |
|
|
379 | (3) |
|
Iterative deconvolution techniques |
|
|
382 | (8) |
|
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Blind iterative deconvolution (BID) technique |
|
|
384 | (3) |
|
Richardson-Lucy algorithm |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
Maximum entropy method (MEM) |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Miscellaneous iterative algorithms |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
|
390 | (7) |
|
|
|
392 | (2) |
|
|
|
394 | (3) |
|
|
|
397 | (78) |
|
|
|
397 | (12) |
|
|
|
398 | (2) |
|
|
|
400 | (3) |
|
Application of blackbody radiation concepts to stellar emission |
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
|
|
406 | (2) |
|
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Astronomical measurements |
|
|
409 | (36) |
|
Flux density and luminosity |
|
|
409 | (3) |
|
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
|
415 | (3) |
|
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
|
|
418 | (2) |
|
|
|
420 | (2) |
|
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
Color and magnitude transformation |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
UBV transformation equations |
|
|
425 | (2) |
|
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
|
432 | (3) |
|
Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) diagram |
|
|
435 | (3) |
|
|
|
438 | (4) |
|
Utility of stellar spectrum |
|
|
442 | (3) |
|
|
|
445 | (14) |
|
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
|
447 | (3) |
|
|
|
450 | (2) |
|
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
|
|
454 | (2) |
|
|
|
456 | (3) |
|
Conventional instruments at telescopes |
|
|
459 | (9) |
|
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
|
461 | (3) |
|
|
|
464 | (4) |
|
|
|
468 | (7) |
|
Methodology of occultation observation |
|
|
469 | (3) |
|
Science with occultation technique |
|
|
472 | (3) |
|
Astronomical applications |
|
|
475 | (78) |
|
High resolution imaging of extended objects |
|
|
475 | (22) |
|
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
|
477 | (7) |
|
|
|
484 | (5) |
|
Solar interferometric observations |
|
|
489 | (2) |
|
Solar speckle observation during eclipse |
|
|
491 | (2) |
|
|
|
493 | (2) |
|
|
|
495 | (2) |
|
|
|
497 | (50) |
|
Measurement of stellar diameter |
|
|
497 | (3) |
|
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
|
|
500 | (3) |
|
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
|
|
504 | (2) |
|
|
|
506 | (8) |
|
|
|
514 | (4) |
|
|
|
518 | (5) |
|
|
|
523 | (3) |
|
|
|
526 | (3) |
|
|
|
529 | (2) |
|
|
|
531 | (3) |
|
Active galactic nuclei (AGN) |
|
|
534 | (7) |
|
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
Impact of adaptive optics in astrophysics |
|
|
542 | (5) |
|
|
|
547 | (6) |
|
Appendix A Typical tables |
|
|
553 | (4) |
|
Appendix B Basic mathematics for Fourier optics |
|
|
557 | (20) |
|
|
|
557 | (10) |
|
Basic properties and theorem |
|
|
558 | (3) |
|
Discrete Fourier transform |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
|
561 | (2) |
|
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
Some important corollaries |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
|
|
567 | (2) |
|
Probability, statistics, and random processes |
|
|
569 | (8) |
|
|
|
569 | (4) |
|
|
|
573 | (2) |
|
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
|
575 | (2) |
|
Appendix C Bispectrum and phase values using triple-correlation algorithm |
|
|
577 | (2) |
| Bibliography |
|
579 | (16) |
| Index |
|
595 | |
More info about World Scientific e-books