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1 | (16) |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Impact of Moore's Law on Si Technology |
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3 | (1) |
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1.3 5G Technology and AI Applications |
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4 | (3) |
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1.4 3D IC Packaging Technology |
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7 | (4) |
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1.5 Reliability Science and Engineering |
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11 | (2) |
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1.6 The Future of Electronic Packaging Technology |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (3) |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (110) |
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2 Cu-to-Cu and Other Bonding Technologies in Electronic Packaging |
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19 | (42) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (3) |
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2.3 Tape-Automated Bonding |
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23 | (3) |
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2.4 Flip-Chip Solder Joint Bonding |
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26 | (6) |
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32 | (3) |
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2.6 Cu-to-Cu Direct Bonding |
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35 | (16) |
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2.6.1 Critical Factors for Cu-to-Cu Bonding |
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36 | (3) |
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2.6.2 Analysis of Cu-to-Cu Bonding Mechanism |
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39 | (7) |
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2.6.3 Microstructures at the Cu-to-Cu Bonding Interface |
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46 | (5) |
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51 | (3) |
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2.8 Reliability - Electromigration and Temperature Cycling Tests |
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54 | (7) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (4) |
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3 Randomly-Oriented and (111) Uni-directionally-Oriented Nanotwin Copper |
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61 | (30) |
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61 | (2) |
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3.2 Formation Mechanism of Nanotwin Cu |
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63 | (4) |
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3.3 In Situ Measurement of Stress Evolution During Nanotwin Deposition |
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67 | (2) |
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3.4 Electrodeposition of Randomly Oriented Nanotwinned Copper |
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69 | (2) |
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3.5 Formation of Unidirectionally (111)-oriented Nanotwin Copper |
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71 | (4) |
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3.6 Grain Growth in [ 111]-Oriented nt-Cu |
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75 | (2) |
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3.7 Uni-directional Growth of η-Cu6Sn5 in Microbumps on (111) Oriented nt-Cu |
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77 | (1) |
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3.8 Low Thermal-Budget Cu-to-Cu Bonding Using [ 111]-Oriented nt-Cu |
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78 | (5) |
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3.9 Nanotwin Cu RDL for Fanout Package and 3D IC Integration |
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83 | (8) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (4) |
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4 Solid-Liquid Interfacial Diffusion Reaction (SLID) Between Copper and Solder |
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91 | (14) |
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91 | (2) |
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4.2 Kinetics of Scallop-Type IMC Growth in SLID |
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93 | (2) |
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4.3 A Simple Model for the Growth of Mono-Size Hemispheres |
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95 | (2) |
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4.4 Theory of Flux-Driven Ripening |
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97 | (3) |
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4.5 Measurement of the Nano-channel Width Between Two Scallops |
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100 | (1) |
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4.6 Extremely Rapid Grain Growth in Scallop-Type Cu6Sn5 in SLID |
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100 | (5) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (2) |
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5 Solid-State Reactions Between Copper and Solder |
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105 | (22) |
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105 | (1) |
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5.2 Layer-Type Growth of IMC in Solid-State Reactions |
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106 | (5) |
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111 | (2) |
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5.4 Kirkendall Void Formation in Cu3Sn |
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113 | (1) |
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5.5 Sidewall Reaction to Form Porous Cu3Sn in ν-Bumps |
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114 | (6) |
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5.6 Effect of Surface Diffusion on IMC Formation in Pillar-Type μ-Bumps |
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120 | (7) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (2) |
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127 | (64) |
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6 Essence of Integrated Circuits and Packaging Design |
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129 | (20) |
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129 | (2) |
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6.2 Transistor and Interconnect Scaling |
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131 | (2) |
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6.3 Circuit Design and LSI |
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133 | (6) |
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6.4 System-on-Chip (SoC) and Multicore Architectures |
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139 | (1) |
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6.5 System-in-Package (SiP) and Package Technology Evolution |
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140 | (4) |
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6.6 3D IC Integration and 3D Silicon Integration |
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144 | (1) |
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6.7 Heterogeneous Integration: An Introduction |
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145 | (4) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (3) |
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7 Performance, Power, Thermal, and Reliability |
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149 | (24) |
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149 | (2) |
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7.2 Field-Effect Transistor and Memory Basics |
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151 | (4) |
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7.3 Performance: A Race in Early IC Design |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (2) |
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7.5 Trade-off between Performance and Power |
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159 | (1) |
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7.6 Power Delivery and Clock Distribution Networks |
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160 | (3) |
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7.7 Low-Power Design Architectures |
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163 | (3) |
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7.8 Thermal Problems in IC and Package |
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166 | (2) |
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7.9 Signal Integrity and Power Integrity (SI/PI) |
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168 | (1) |
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7.10 Robustness: Reliability and Variability |
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169 | (4) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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8 2.5D/3D System-in-Packaging Integration |
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173 | (18) |
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173 | (1) |
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8.2 2.5DIC: Redistribution Layer (RDL) and TSV-Interposer |
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174 | (2) |
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8.3 2.5D IC: Silicon, Glass, and Organic Substrates |
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176 | (1) |
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8.4 2.5D IC: HBM on Silicon Interposer |
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177 | (1) |
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8.5 3D IC: Memory Bandwidth Challenge for High-Performance Computing |
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178 | (2) |
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8.6 3D IC: Electrical and Thermal TSVs |
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180 | (2) |
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8.7 3D IC: 3D-Stacked Memory and Integrated Memory Controller |
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182 | (1) |
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8.8 Innovative Packaging for Modern Chips/Chiplets |
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183 | (3) |
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8.9 Power Distribution for 3D IC Integration |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (4) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (3) |
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191 | (116) |
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9 Irreversible Processes in Electronic Packaging Technology |
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193 | (28) |
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193 | (3) |
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196 | (2) |
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198 | (8) |
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9.3.1 Electrical Conduction |
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199 | (2) |
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201 | (2) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (2) |
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9.3.4 Conjugate Forces When Temperature Is a Variable |
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205 | (1) |
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9.4 Cross-Effects in Irreversible Processes |
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206 | (1) |
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9.5 Cross-Effect Between Atomic Diffusion and Electrical Conduction |
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207 | (4) |
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9.5.1 Electromigration and Stress-Migration in Al Strips |
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209 | (2) |
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9.6 Irreversible Processes in Thermomigration |
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211 | (4) |
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9.6.1 Thermomigration in Unpowered Composite Solder Joints |
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212 | (3) |
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9.7 Cross-Effect Between Heat Conduction and Electrical Conduction |
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215 | (6) |
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216 | (2) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (2) |
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221 | (28) |
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221 | (1) |
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10.2 To Compare the Parameters in Atomic Diffusion and Electric Conduction |
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222 | (2) |
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10.3 Basic of Electromigration |
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224 | (7) |
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10.3.1 Electron Wind Force |
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225 | (2) |
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10.3.2 Calculation of the Effective Charge Number |
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227 | (1) |
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10.3.3 Atomic Flux Divergence Induced Electromigration Damage |
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228 | (2) |
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10.3.4 Back Stress in Electromigration |
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230 | (1) |
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10.4 Current Crowding and Electromigration in 3-Dimensional Circuits |
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231 | (12) |
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10.4.1 Void Formation in the Low Current Density Region |
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234 | (4) |
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10.4.2 Current Density Gradient Force in Electromigration |
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238 | (4) |
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10.4.3 Current Crowding Induced Pancake-Type Void Formation in Flip-Chip Solder Joints |
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242 | (1) |
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10.5 Joule Heating and Heat Dissipation |
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243 | (6) |
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10.5.1 Joule Heating and Electromigration |
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244 | (1) |
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10.5.2 Joule Heating on Mean-Time-to-Failure in Electromigration |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (3) |
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249 | (8) |
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249 | (1) |
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11.2 Driving Force of Thermomigration |
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249 | (1) |
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11.3 Analysis of Heat of Transport |
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250 | (3) |
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11.4 Thermomigration Due to Heat Transfer Between Neighboring Pairs of Powered and Unpowered Solder Joints |
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253 | (4) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (2) |
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257 | (24) |
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257 | (1) |
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12.2 Chemical Potential in a Stressed Solid |
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258 | (2) |
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12.3 Stoney's Equation of Biaxial Stress in Thin Films |
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260 | (4) |
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264 | (3) |
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12.5 Spontaneous Sn Whisker Growth at Room Temperature |
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267 | (10) |
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267 | (4) |
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12.5.2 Measurement of the Driving Force to Grow a Sn Whisker |
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271 | (1) |
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12.5.3 Kinetics of Sn Whisker Growth |
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272 | (3) |
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12.5.4 Electromigration-Induced Sn Whisker Growth in Solder Joints |
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275 | (2) |
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12.6 Comparison of Driving Forces Among Electromigration, Thermomigration, and Stress-Migration |
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277 | (4) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (22) |
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281 | (4) |
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13.2 Microstructure Change with or Without Lattice Shift |
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285 | (2) |
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13.3 Statistical Analysis of Failure |
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287 | (3) |
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13.3.1 Black's Equation of MTTF for Electromigration |
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287 | (2) |
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13.3.2 Weibull Distribution Function and JMA Theory of Phase Transformations |
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289 | (1) |
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13.4 A Unified Model of MTTF for Electromigration, Thermomigration, and Stress-Migration |
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290 | (3) |
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13.4.1 Revisit Black's Equation of MTTF for Electromigration |
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290 | (2) |
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13.4.2 MTTF for Thermomigration |
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292 | (1) |
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13.4.3 MTTF for Stress-Migration |
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292 | (1) |
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13.4.4 The Link Among MTTF for Electromigration, Thermomigration, and Stress-Migration |
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293 | (1) |
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13.4.5 MTTF Equations for Other Irreversible Processes in Open Systems |
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293 | (1) |
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13.5 Failure Analysis in Mobile Technology |
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293 | (10) |
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13.5.1 Joule Heating Enhanced Electromigration Failure of Weak-Link in 2.5D IC Technology |
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294 | (4) |
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13.5.2 Joule Heating Induced Thermomigration Failure Due to Thermal Crosstalk in 2.5D IC Technology |
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298 | (3) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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14 Artificial Intelligence in Electronic Packaging Reliability |
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303 | (4) |
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303 | (1) |
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14.2 To Change Time-Dependent Event to Time-Independent Event |
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304 | (1) |
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14.3 To Deduce MTTF from Mean Microstructure Change to Failure |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
Index |
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307 | |