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Formation Of The Solar System, The: Theories Old And New (2nd Edition) 2nd Revised edition [Kietas viršelis]

(University Of York, Uk)
  • Formatas: Hardback, 440 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 05-Nov-2014
  • Leidėjas: Imperial College Press
  • ISBN-10: 1783265213
  • ISBN-13: 9781783265213
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Hardback, 440 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 05-Nov-2014
  • Leidėjas: Imperial College Press
  • ISBN-10: 1783265213
  • ISBN-13: 9781783265213
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
This fully-updated second edition remains the only truly detailed exploration of the origins of our Solar System, written by an authority in the field. Unlike other authors, Michael Woolfson focuses on the formation of the solar system, engaging the reader in an intelligent yet accessible discussion of the development of ideas about how the Solar System formed from ancient times to the present.Within the last five decades new observations and new theoretical advances have transformed the way scientists think about the problem of finding a plausible theory. Spacecraft and landers have explored the planets of the Solar System, observations have been made of Solar-System bodies outside the region of the planets and planets have been detected and observed around many solar-type stars. This new edition brings in the most recent discoveries, including the establishment of dwarf planets and challenges to the 'standard model' of planet formation — the Solar Nebula Theory.While presenting the most up-to-date material and the underlying science of the theories described, the book avoids technical jargon and terminology. It thus remains a digestible read for the non-expert interested reader, whilst being detailed and comprehensive enough to be used as an undergraduate physics and astronomy textbook, where the formation of the solar system is a key part of the course.Michael Woolfson is Emeritus Professor of Theoretical Physics at University of York and is an award-winning crystallographer and astronomer.
Introduction xv
Introduction to the Second Edition xix
Prologue: The Dreamer xxi
Part I General Background 1(16)
Chapter 1 Theories Come and Theories Go
3(6)
1.1 What is Science?
3(2)
1.2 The Problem of Cosmogony
5(2)
1.3 New Theories for Old
7(2)
Chapter 2 Measuring Atoms and the Universe
9(8)
2.1 Measuring Things in Everyday Life
9(2)
2.2 Science and Everyday Life
11(1)
2.3 Small Things Beyond Our Ken
11(2)
2.4 Measuring Things in the Solar System
13(2)
2.5 Large Things Beyond Our Ken
15(2)
Part II Enlightenment 17(26)
Chapter 3 Greek Offerings
19(8)
3.1 Even Before the Ancient Greeks
19(1)
3.2 Plato and Aristotle
20(1)
3.3 Aristarchus-A Man Ahead of his Time
21(1)
3.4 Eratosthenes-The Man who Measured the Earth
22(2)
3.5 Ptolemy and the Geocentric Solar System
24(3)
Chapter 4 The Shoulders of Giants
27(16)
4.1 The Refugees
27(1)
4.2 Nicolaus Copernicus and a Heliocentric Solar System
28(2)
4.3 Tycho Brahe-The Man with a Golden Nose
30(2)
4.4 Johannes Kepler-A Scientific and Mathematical Genius
32(3)
4.5 Galileo Galilei-Observation versus Faith
35(4)
4.6 Isaac Newton-And All was Light
39(4)
Part III The Solar System: Features and Problems 43(54)
Chapter 5 The Sun and the Planets
45(12)
5.1 The Sun
45(1)
5.2 Types of Planet and their Distribution
46(1)
5.3 The Major Planets
47(3)
5.4 The Terrestrial Planets
50(7)
Chapter 6 Satellites and Rings
57(18)
6.1 General Comments about Satellites
57(1)
6.2 The Satellites of Jupiter
58(4)
6.3 The Satellites of Saturn
62(3)
6.4 The Satellites of Uranus
65(1)
6.5 The Satellites of Neptune
66(2)
6.6 The Earth's Satellite, the Moon
68(2)
6.7 The Satellites of Mars
70(1)
6.8 Ring Systems
71(4)
Chapter 7 Smaller Bodies of the Solar System
75(18)
7.1 The Hunt for a Missing Planet
75(1)
7.2 Asteroids Aplenty
76(2)
7.3 Meteorites-Chips Off the Old Block
78(6)
7.4 Comets Aplenty
84(4)
7.5 The Kuiper Belt and Dwarf Planets
88(5)
Chapter 8 The Problem to be Solved
93(4)
8.1 Knowledge and Time
93(1)
8.2 Very Basic Requirements for a Solution
94(3)
Part IV Early Theories 97(44)
Chapter 9 The French Connection
99(8)
9.1 Some Early Theoretical and Observational Developments
99(2)
9.2 Laplace and his Spinning Cloud
101(3)
9.3 The Problem with a Spinning Cloud
104(3)
Chapter 10 American Catherine-Wheels
107(6)
10.1 Spirals in the sky
107(1)
10.2 Making a Catherine-Wheel
108(2)
10.3 Objections to the Chamberlin-Moulton Theory
110(3)
Chapter 11 British Big Tides
113(10)
11.1 The Jeans Tidal Theory
113(3)
11.2 Jeffreys' Objections
116(2)
11.3 Russell's Objection
118(1)
11.4 Spitzer's Objection
119(1)
11.5 A Later Objection
120(3)
Chapter 12 Russian Cloud Capture-With British Help
123(4)
12.1 The Schmidt Model
123(1)
12.2 Lyttleton's Modification of the Accretion Theory
124(3)
Chapter 13 German Vortices-With a Little French Help
127(4)
13.1 First Ideas About Vortices
127(1)
13.2 The von Weizsacker Vortex Theory
127(2)
13.3 Objections to the Vortex Idea
129(2)
Chapter 14 McCrea's Floccules
131(6)
14.1 Producing Stars and Planets Together
131(3)
14.2 Objections to the Floccule Theory
134(3)
Chapter 15 What Early Theories Indicate
137(4)
15.1 Angular Momentum Difficulties
137(1)
15.2 Planet Formation
138(1)
15.3 Indicated Requirements for a Successful Theory
139(2)
Part V New Knowledge 141(30)
Chapter 16 Disks Around New Stars
143(6)
16.1 How Hot and How Luminous?
143(3)
16.2 What is a Young Stellar Object?
146(1)
16.3 Detecting Disks
147(2)
Chapter 17 Planets Around Other Stars
149(16)
17.1 Stars in Orbit
149(1)
17.2 Finding the Speed of a Star
150(3)
17.3 Finding Out About the Planet
153(4)
17.4 Inferring the Presence of Planets from Dusty Disks
157(2)
17.5 Direct Imaging of Exoplanets
159(2)
17.6 The Characteristics of some Exoplanets
161(1)
17.7 Exoplanets going Backwards
162(3)
Chapter 18 What a Theory Should Explain Now
165(6)
18.1 The Beginning of the 21st Century
165(1)
18.2 The Sun and its Properties
166(1)
18.3 Planet Formation
167(1)
18.4 Satellite Formation
168(1)
18.5 Asteroids, Comets and Dwarf Planets
168(1)
18.6 Concluding Remarks
168(3)
Part VI The Return of the Nebula 171(44)
Chapter 19 The New Solar Nebula Theory: The Angular Momentum Problem
173(10)
19.1 A Message from Meteorites
173(2)
19.2 Mechanical Slowing Down of the Sun's Spin
175(1)
19.3 Magnetism Gives a Helping Hand
176(3)
19.4 A Modification of the Hoyle Mechanism
179(2)
19.5 Slowing the Sun's Spin
181(1)
19.6 The Stellar Angular-Momentum Conundrum
182(1)
Chapter 20 Making Planets Top-Down
183(4)
20.1 A Massive Disk
183(2)
20.2 The Problems of Top-Down Processes
185(2)
Chapter 21 A Bottom-Up Alternative
187(10)
21.1 A Summary of the Bottom-Up Approach
187(1)
21.2 Forming a Dusty Carpet
187(3)
21.3 The Formation of Planetesimals
190(1)
21.4 Making Terrestrial Planets and Cores for Giant Planets
191(3)
21.5 Major Planets-The Final Stage
194(1)
21.6 Some Problems with the Solar Nebula Theory
195(2)
Chapter 22 Making Planets Faster
197(6)
22.1 Conditions in the Disk
197(3)
22.2 Runaway Growth
200(3)
Chapter 23 Wandering Planets
203(8)
23.1 The Need for Planets to Wander
203(1)
23.2 Interactions Between Planets
204(1)
23.3 Effects Due to the Mass of the Nebula Disk
205(2)
23.4 The Role of Spiral Waves
207(1)
23.5 Saving the Planet
208(1)
23.6 A Problem with the Terrestrial Planets
209(2)
Chapter 24 Back to Top-Down
211(4)
24.1 Perceived Problems with the SNT
211(1)
24.2 The Rotating Disk Model
211(4)
Part VII Making Stars 215(28)
Chapter 25 This is the Stuff that Stars are Made Of
217(6)
25.1 The Question
217(1)
25.2 The Galaxy
217(3)
25.3 The Ingredients
220(3)
Chapter 26 Making Dense Cool Clouds
223(8)
26.1 The ISM, Clouds and Temperature
223(1)
26.2 Atoms, Ions, Molecules and Electrons
224(1)
26.3 Further Cooling Processes
225(2)
26.4 Making a Dense Cool Cloud
227(4)
Chapter 27 A Star is Born, Lives and Dies
231(12)
27.1 Collapse of Stout Party
231(2)
27.2 Turbulent Times
233(1)
27.3 The Big Squeeze
234(1)
27.4 Some Observations About Star Formation
235(1)
27.5 A Star-Forming Model
236(2)
27.6 Binary Star Formation
238(3)
27.7 The Death of a Star
241(2)
Part VIII Capture 243(72)
Chapter 28 Close to the Madding Crowd
245(6)
28.1 Neighbours
245(1)
28.2 Another Big Squeeze
246(1)
28.3 Interactions in a Dense Embedded Cluster
247(4)
Chapter 29 Close Encounters of the Stellar Kind
251(12)
29.1 Jeans Revisited-The Capture Theory
251(1)
29.2 New Knowledge-New Ideas
252(2)
29.3 A Method for Realistic Simulations
254(2)
29.4 Capture-Theory Simulations
256(3)
29.5 Doing without Protostars
259(2)
29.6 Some General Comments on Planet Formation
261(2)
Chapter 30 Ever Decreasing Circles
263(14)
30.1 The Initial Orbits of Protoplanets
263(1)
30.2 A Resisting Medium
263(2)
30.3 Resistance Due to Viscous Drag
265(1)
30.4 Resistance Due to the Effects of Mass
266(1)
30.5 The Evolution of Planetary Orbits
267(3)
30.6 Slowing Down and Speeding Up
270(2)
30.7 Eccentric Orbits
272(2)
30.8 Orbital Periods in Simple Ratios
274(3)
Chapter 31 How Many Planetary Systems?
277(10)
31.1 More About Embedded Clusters
277(1)
31.2 Observational Indications of the Frequency of Planetary Systems
278(2)
31.3 An Estimate from the Capture Theory
280(4)
31.4 The Disruption of Planetary Systems
284(3)
Chapter 32 Starting a Family
287(10)
32.1 Satellites and Angular Momentum
287(2)
32.2 Dust Settling in the Disk
289(3)
32.3 The Formation of Satellitesimals
292(1)
32.4 Satellite Formation
292(1)
32.5 Migration Processes
293(1)
32.6 Irregular Satellites
294(3)
Chapter 33 Tilting-But not at Windmills
297(18)
33.1 The Leaning Sun and Retrograde Exoplanets
297(3)
33.2 Moving the Star's Spin Axis
300(4)
33.3 The Inclinations of Solar-System Planetary Orbits
304(1)
33.4 A Child's Top and Evolving Planetary Orbits
305(2)
33.5 Deuterium in Major Planets
307(3)
33.6 The Leaning Planets
310(5)
Part IX The Biggish Bang Hypothesis 315(78)
Chapter 34 The Terrestrial Planets Raise Problems
317(6)
34.1 The Problem
317(1)
34.2 What Kind of Material does the Universe Contain?
318(1)
34.3 What Kinds of Material does the Earth Contain?
319(4)
Chapter 35 A Biggish Bang Theory: The Earth and Venus
323(10)
35.1 A Very Close Encounter of a Planetary Kind
323(1)
35.2 The Colliding Planets
324(2)
35.3 The Collision
326(3)
35.4 Orbital Considerations
329(1)
35.5 Mass and Composition Considerations
330(2)
35.6 Summary and Comments
332(1)
Chapter 36 Behold the Wandering Moon
333(10)
36.1 Orphans of the Storm
333(1)
36.2 The Pre-Collision Moon
334(2)
36.3 A Lopsided Moon
336(2)
36.4 The Lopsided Moon-An Answer and a Question
338(2)
36.5 The Collision to the Rescue
340(2)
36.6 A Brief History of the Moon
342(1)
Chapter 37 Fleet Mercury and Warlike Mars
343(10)
37.1 Mars as an Orphan
343(4)
37.2 Mercury as an Orphan
347(3)
37.3 The Orbits of Mercury and Mars
350(3)
Chapter 38 Gods of the Sea and the Nether Regions
353(6)
38.1 Neptune and Related Bodies
353(2)
38.2 Yet Another Effect of the Collision
355(4)
Chapter 39 Bits and Pieces-Asteroids, Comets and Dwarf Planets
359(16)
39.1 The Gap and its Denizens
359(1)
39.2 Some Ideas on the Origin of Asteroids
360(3)
39.3 Comets and the Kuiper Belt-General Considerations
363(1)
39.4 The Planetary Collision Again!
364(3)
39.5 Asteroids
367(1)
39.6 Comets and the Oort Cloud
367(4)
39.7 Dwarf Planets
371(1)
39.8 Features of Meteorites
372(1)
39.9 A Summary of the Production of Small Bodies
372(3)
Chapter 40 Making Atoms with a Biggish Bang
375(12)
40.1 Let's Find Out More About Isotopes
375(2)
40.2 Isotopes in Meteorites
377(5)
40.3 For the Last Time-The Outcome of a Planetary Collision
382(3)
40.4 Deuterium in the Colliding Planets and Other Bodies
385(2)
Chapter 41 Is the Capture Theory True?
387(6)
Epilogue: An Autumn Evening 393(2)
Biblography 395(12)
Index 407