| Preface |
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xii | |
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xv | |
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1 Understanding the basic principles |
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1 | (18) |
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1.1 The language of ethics has evolved to look at good, or right or moral choices |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Purchasing is a word which can be used for both big and small economic actors |
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3 | (1) |
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1.3 Ethical purchasing is an observable phenomenon |
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4 | (3) |
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1.4 Ethical purchasing is increasing in the 21st century |
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7 | (1) |
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1.5 Ethical purchasing is normally practised to channel economic resources towards more ethical products and suppliers and away from more problematic ones |
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8 | (3) |
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1.6 Purchasers have power where there is a choice between producers |
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11 | (3) |
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1.7 Working collectively with other purchasers normally creates the greatest impact |
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14 | (1) |
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1.8 Communicating ethical purchasing choices is key to effectiveness |
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14 | (2) |
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1.9 Sometimes ethics on its own can't tell us what the right product is and we will need to examine our political priorities |
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16 | (3) |
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2 Principles for ordinary citizens |
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19 | (19) |
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2.1 An individual consumer's purchases in a mass market won't make much impact on its own |
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19 | (2) |
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2.2 Consumer boycotts involve withholding money as an act of disapproval |
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21 | (2) |
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2.3 Positive buying campaigns encourage particular purchasers to make ethical choices |
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23 | (2) |
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2.4 Telling manufacturers why they are being boycotted or bought is important |
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25 | (2) |
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2.5 There is also a phenomenon which we can call discrete ethical purchasing |
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27 | (2) |
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2.6 There is a lot of complexity in trying to look at ethics in modern consumer markets |
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29 | (3) |
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2.7 Change is most effective if individuals act as citizens as well as consumers |
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32 | (1) |
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2.8 Consumers or citizens aren't always the best place for responsibility to lie |
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33 | (1) |
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2.9 The use of ethical purchasing by consumers has a lot of untapped potential to improve conditions for the environment and people |
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34 | (4) |
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3 Ethical purchasing and the role of campaigners |
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38 | (19) |
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3.1 Campaigning in markets is growing among civil society organisations (CSOs) seeking political change |
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38 | (3) |
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3.2 The process normally involves a research phase, and then a call for purchasers to act collectively to solve it |
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41 | (3) |
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3.3 Boycotts and name and shame campaigns can have significant impact |
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44 | (2) |
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3.4 Positive buying campaigns can propose more ethical models of production |
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46 | (2) |
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3.5 Publishing ethical rankings can be an effective model for creating pressure |
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48 | (4) |
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3.6 Identifying where purchasing power lies is the normal starting point for developing a campaign |
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52 | (2) |
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3.7 Identifying a specific producer to target for an avoidance campaign is also usually effective |
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54 | (1) |
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3.8 Once a political issue becomes well known in a particular market, companies can begin to compete to out-do each other as more ethical |
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55 | (2) |
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4 Ethical purchasing and the role of multinational companies |
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57 | (26) |
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4.1 Purchasing, where supply chains stretch across many countries, has increased significantly over the last four decades |
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57 | (2) |
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4.2 Many of the problems which civil society campaigns have tried to address were to do with the absence of an effective legal or moral framework for globalised supply chains |
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59 | (3) |
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4.3 Much formal ethical purchasing at bigger companies developed initially as a risk management response to the emergence of civil society campaigning |
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62 | (3) |
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4.4 Collective actions, both positive and negative, have proliferated in this space |
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65 | (3) |
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4.5 Codes of conduct and supplier audits have emerged as a way of managing workers' rights issues in multinational supply chains |
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68 | (3) |
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4.6 Environmental or green purchasing by multinational companies is better than it was but still needs work |
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71 | (3) |
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4.7 Supply chain transparency is becoming an important way of addressing criticism |
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74 | (3) |
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4.8 Developing a mature attitude to cost and pricing in relation to ethics is essential |
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77 | (1) |
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4.9 Many of the general principles outlined elsewhere in this book also apply to multinationals |
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78 | (5) |
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5 Principles for local authorities and other public bodies |
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83 | (13) |
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5.1 Ethical purchasing has proven an effective additional way for local authorities to pursue their legitimate social and political objectives |
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83 | (1) |
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5.2 It is possible to observe and characterise five main types of ethical purchasing by local authorities |
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84 | (3) |
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5.3 Ethical purchasing is also practised to a lesser extent by other public bodies and purchasing consortia |
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87 | (1) |
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5.4 Ethical procurement by local authorities and public bodies is commonly circumscribed by legal rules |
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87 | (2) |
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5.5 Like any organisation, stakeholder surveys or a democratic mandate can give useful legitimacy to ethical purchasing programmes |
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89 | (1) |
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5.6 Like all ethical purchasing, working collectively with other groups will give the greatest impact |
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89 | (1) |
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5.7 Like all ethical purchasing, communicating a programme with stakeholders and suppliers will give it the greatest impact |
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90 | (1) |
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5.8 Running ethical purchasing programmes in large organisations can lead to complex bureaucracies |
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91 | (1) |
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5.9 Some local authorities have developed supplier seminars and even created their own ethical suppliers |
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92 | (1) |
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5.10 Some governments are beginning to require that local authorities begin to purchase ethically |
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92 | (4) |
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6 Ethical purchasing and the role of governments |
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96 | (16) |
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6.1 Governments can not only address ethical issues in, - their own buying but they can also choose to facilitate it elsewhere |
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96 | (1) |
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6.2 There are five reasons why it makes sense for governments to purchase ethically and to promote its wider practice |
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97 | (1) |
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6.3 Ethical procurement by governments can be demonstrably effective and can be broken down into four main types |
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98 | (2) |
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6.4 Governments can also research into ethical performance for their own purchasing and share the results |
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100 | (1) |
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6.5 Some ethical procurement by governments has been criticised for being bureaucratic and ineffective |
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101 | (1) |
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6.6 Intervening in the market to facilitate ethical purchasing can be very effective |
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101 | (3) |
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6.7 Incentivising ethical purchasing through tax or fiscal arrangements is also an effective tool which governments can use |
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104 | (1) |
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6.8 Governments can also support multi-stakeholder initiatives |
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105 | (1) |
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6.9 Regulatory solutions to the problem of externalising social and environmental costs remain important |
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106 | (6) |
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7 Principles for smaller companies, charities, and social enterprises |
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112 | (9) |
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7.1 Defining an ethical purchasing policy is a common starting point |
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112 | (2) |
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7.2 Looking for opportunities to join collective actions always makes sense |
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114 | (1) |
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7.3 Developing a deeper understanding of price is critical to making real impact |
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115 | (2) |
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7.4 Prioritising key areas for action helps to give structure to an ethical purchasing programme |
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117 | (1) |
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7.5 Using the highest quality information available will make the best impact |
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117 | (1) |
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7.6 Communicating policy goals with suppliers and others is key to effectiveness |
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118 | (1) |
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7.7 Formally tracking and measuring progress can prevent drift |
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118 | (3) |
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8 Ethical labelling schemes |
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121 | (21) |
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8.1 Ethical labels or logos have become a key element in helping purchasers to identify more ethical producers |
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121 | (2) |
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8.2 Ethical labelling schemes normally have four main characteristics: multi-stakeholder governance, standards, audits, and a fee structure |
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123 | (3) |
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8.3 Ethical labelling schemes are essentially political projects |
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126 | (3) |
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8.4 Ethical labelling schemes are frequently the target of criticism and debate |
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129 | (4) |
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8.5 Proliferation has led to civil society initiatives to help purchasers identify the best ethical labels |
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133 | (2) |
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8.6 Characterising ethical labelling schemes as voluntary initiatives is useful to some degree but does not always tell the whole story |
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135 | (2) |
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8.7 Better government intervention around ethical labelling and certification schemes could help the sector |
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137 | (5) |
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9 Selling to ethical purchasers |
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142 | (17) |
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9.1 To transition to ethical economies it is also important to pay attention to the supply side |
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142 | (1) |
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9.2 The majority of consumers express interest in ethical issues |
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143 | (3) |
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9.3 It is important for sellers to focus on price and quality first |
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146 | (1) |
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9.4 The pricing of `ethical' products is critical to their success |
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147 | (2) |
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9.5 For many big companies, ethical choices around production are more about risk management than finding a language to market a product |
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149 | (2) |
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9.6 Selling with prominent ethical claims can however perform important campaigning and educational functions |
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151 | (2) |
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9.7 In competitive markets an innovative ethical approach can become a differentiator |
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153 | (1) |
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9.8 Telling a product's story can be a useful way of engaging customers and staff |
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154 | (1) |
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9.9 Academics talk about an `attitude behaviour gap' which suggests that people buy fewer ethical products than they tell people in surveys? |
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155 | (4) |
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10 Theoretical principles or why it's important |
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159 | (38) |
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10.1 Failing to deal with the problem of `externalities' is creating an existential threat for people and ecosystems |
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159 | (4) |
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10.2 Ethical purchasing can provide an additional corrective mechanism for the tendency of markets to reward companies which maximise their externalities |
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163 | (4) |
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10.3 Ethical purchasing can be seen as part of a wider movement calling for a consciously ethical approach to all economic transactions |
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167 | (4) |
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10.4 This movement offers a system-level solution to some of the system-level problems within modern capitalism |
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171 | (4) |
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10.5 Like many movements, changing language and culture are central to how it works |
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175 | (5) |
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10.6 Like capitalism itself, ethical purchasing appears dynamic and capable of changing fast to address new issues |
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180 | (2) |
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10.7 Ethical purchasing poses interesting questions regarding the nature of democracy and participation |
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182 | (4) |
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10.8 Economics as a discipline has been slow to track, let alone theorise about the significance of ethical purchasing |
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186 | (3) |
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10.9 The growth of ethical purchasing is also a key factor in the emergence of new mission-oriented company types |
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189 | (8) |
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Appendix 1 Some broad ethical frameworks in use today |
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197 | (8) |
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A1 UN Sustainable Development Goals -- Set by the UN General Assembly in 2015 |
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198 | (1) |
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A2 Categories for Mandatory Social and Environmental Reporting in France (see 6.6.1 b) |
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199 | (2) |
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A3 Ethical Consumer Magazine Ranking Categories for Corporations June 2019 |
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201 | (1) |
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A4 Headings from Corporate Human Rights Benchmark Methodology 2019 for the Agricultural Products, Apparel, and Extractives Industries |
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201 | (2) |
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A5 Index of Consolidated Set of GRI Sustainability Reporting Standards 2018 |
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203 | (2) |
| Index |
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205 | |
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