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Illustrated History of Health and Fitness, from Pre-History to our Post-Modern World 2015 ed. [Kietas viršelis]

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Roy J. Shephard

Formatas: Hardback, 1077 pages, aukštis x plotis: 235x155 mm, 252 Illustrations, color; 170 Illustrations, black and white; XXII, 1077 p. 422 illus., 252 illus. in color., 1 Hardback
Serija: Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 39
Išleidimo metai: 09-Dec-2014
Leidėjas: Springer International Publishing AG
ISBN-10: 3319116703
ISBN-13: 9783319116709

Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:

History of medicine
Public health & preventive medicine - (Šiuo metu turimos knygos: 17 prekės)
Sports injuries & medicine - (Šiuo metu turimos knygos: 4 prekės)
History of science - (Šiuo metu turimos knygos: 4 prekės)

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Formatas: Hardback, 1077 pages, aukštis x plotis: 235x155 mm, 252 Illustrations, color; 170 Illustrations, black and white; XXII, 1077 p. 422 illus., 252 illus. in color., 1 Hardback
Serija: Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 39
Išleidimo metai: 09-Dec-2014
Leidėjas: Springer International Publishing AG
ISBN-10: 3319116703
ISBN-13: 9783319116709

Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:

History of medicine
Public health & preventive medicine - (Šiuo metu turimos knygos: 17 prekės)
Sports injuries & medicine - (Šiuo metu turimos knygos: 4 prekės)
History of science - (Šiuo metu turimos knygos: 4 prekės)

Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9783319116709.html

Raktažodžiai:

This book examines the health/fitness interaction in an historical context. Beginning in primitive hunter-gatherer communities, where survival required adequate physical activity, it goes on to consider changes in health and physical activity at subsequent stages in the evolution of “civilization.” It focuses on the health impacts of a growing understanding of medicine and physiology, and the emergence of a middle-class with the time and money to choose between active and passive leisure pursuits. The book reflects on urbanization and industrialization in relation to the need for public health measures, and the ever-diminishing physical demands of the work-place. It then evaluates the attitudes of prelates, politicians, philosophers and teachers at each stage of the process. Finally, the book explores professional and governmental initiatives to increase public involvement in active leisure through various school, worksite, recreational and sports programmes.

Recenzijos

This large volume is a compendium of short, well-cited facts about health and fitness and lifestyles, supplemented with figures. This book gives readers a very good understanding of the evolution of health and fitness in various regions of the world, along with cultural and religious aspects. It will primarily be useful to advanced students or researchers. Summing Up: Recommended. Graduate students, researchers/faculty, and professionals. (A. H. Goldfarb, Choice, Vol. 52 (12), August, 2015)

1 Health and Fitness in Prehistory, Including Inferences from the Current Lifestyle of Indigenous Populations

(72)

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 Early Hominoids and the Paleolithic Era

(4)

1.2.1 Early Humanoid History

(1)

1.2.2 Palaeolithic Habitat

(2)

1.2.3 Emergence of Homo sapiens

(1)

1.2.4 Recreation of the Palaeolithic Lifestyle

(1)

1.3 The Mesolithic Era

(2)

1.3.1 Mesolithic Society

(1)

1.3.2 The Dorset Culture

(1)

1.3.3 The Thule People

(1)

1.4 Neolithic Societies

(3)

1.4.1 Characteristics of Neolithic Society

(1)

1.4.2 Middle East and South Asia

(1)

1.4.3 Me so-America

(1)

1.4.4 North American Indians

(1)

1.5 Oral Tradition and Historical Records of Habitual Physical Activity Levels in Pre-history

(14)

1.5.1 Inuit

(1)

1.5.2 North American Indians

(3)

1.5.3 The Kalahari Bush People

(1)

1.5.4 The Tarahumara Indians

(2)

1.5.5 Meso-America

(6)

1.5.6 Other Pre-historic Societies

(1)

1.6 Acculturating Influences and Objective Data on Physical Activity and Fitness

(12)

1.6.1 Early Explorers

(2)

1.6.2 Traders

(1)

1.6.3 Christian Missionaries

(1)

1.6.4 Residential Schools

(1)

1.6.5 Military and Industrial Intrusions

(1)

1.6.6 Specific Impact of Acculturation Upon Igloolik

(5)

1.7 Empirical Data on Habitual Physical Activity and Energy Expenditures

(8)

1.7.1 Issues of Methodology

(2)

1.7.2 The Influence of "Rest Days"

(1)

1.7.3 Igloolik Inuit

(1)

1.7.4 Alaskan Inuit

(1)

1.7.5 Siberian Circumpolar Populations

(1)

1.7.6 Sami Lapps

(1)

1.7.7 North American Indians

(1)

1.7.8 Conclusions

(1)

1.8 Empirical Data on Fitness Levels of Prehistoric Societies

(6)

1.8.1 Body Mass

(2)

1.8.2 Body Fat

(1)

1.8.3 Aerobic Fitness

(1)

1.8.4 Muscular Strength

(1)

1.8.5 Conclusions

(1)

1.9 Health of Pre-historic Societies

(10)

1.9.1 Early Health Status of Pre-historic Societies

(4)

1.9.2 More Recent Health Status of Indigenous Populations

(1)

1.9.3 Infectious Disease and Suicide

(2)

1.9.4 Metabolic Risk Factors, Diabetes and Chronic Cardiovascular Disease

(2)

1.9.5 Changing Patterns of Nutrition

(1)

1.10 Attitudes to Health and Fitness

(1)

1.11 Preventive Measures

(3)

1.11.1 Traditional Arctic Games

(1)

1.11.2 "White" Sports and Athletic Competitions

(1)

1.11.3 Community Recreational Facilities

(1)

1.11.4 Overall Assessment

(1)

References

(8)

2 Examples of Early City Life from Ancient Assyria, Babylon, Egypt, Israel, India and China: Health as a Gift of the Gods

(82)

2.1 Introduction

(2)

2.2 Sumerian, Babylonian and Assyrian Civilizations

(8)

2.2.1 Historical Background

(1)

2.2.2 Economy

(1)

2.2.3 Sports and Recreation

(2)

2.2.4 Health

(3)

2.2.5 Fitness and the Optimization of Health

(2)

2.3 Egyptian Civilizations

(13)

2.3.1 Historical Background

(1)

2.3.2 Economy

(2)

2.3.3 Sports and Recreation

(4)

2.3.4 Medicine

(3)

2.3.5 Health

(2)

2.3.6 Fitness

(2)

2.4 Jewish Civilizations

(15)

2.4.1 Historical Background

(2)

2.4.2 Economy

(4)

2.4.3 Sports and Recreation

102

(4)

2.4.4 Medicine

106

(3)

2.4.5 Health and Nutrition

109

(2)

2.4.6 Fitness

111

(1)

2.5 Indian Civilizations

111

(15)

2.5.1 Historical Background

111

(1)

2.5.2 Daily Life and Economy

112

(3)

2.5.3 Sports and Recreation

115

(4)

2.5.4 Health

119

(5)

2.5.5 Fitness

124

(2)

2.6 Chinese Civilizations

126

(20)

2.6.1 Historical Background

126

(2)

2.6.2 Economy

128

(3)

2.6.3 Sport and Recreation

131

(7)

2.6.4 Health

138

(4)

2.6.5 Fitness

142

(4)

References

146

(9)

3 Legacies of the Classical Era: Minoa, Greece and Rome; A Recognition of Material Causes of Poor Health and Fitness

155

(86)

3.1 Introduction

155

(1)

3.2 Historical Background

156

(1)

3.3 Minoan Civilization

157

(7)

3.3.1 Economy

157

(2)

3.3.2 Health and Fitness

159

(2)

3.3.3 Sports and Recreation

161

(3)

3.4 Greek Civilizations

164

(47)

3.4.1 Social Strata and Economy

164

(5)

3.4.2 Greek Understanding of Physiology and Medicine

169

(17)

3.4.3 Physical Education

186

(4)

3.4.4 Therapeutic Exercise

190

(4)

3.4.5 Health and Fitness

194

(3)

3.4.6 Sport and Recreation

197

(9)

3.4.7 Sports Medicine

206

(5)

3.5 Roman Civilization

211

(19)

3.5.1 Economy

211

(3)

3.5.2 Medicine and Physiology

214

(4)

3.5.3 Health and Nutrition

218

(1)

3.5.4 Fitness and Training

219

(4)

3.5.5 Sport and Recreation

223

(7)

References

230

(11)

4 The Middle-Ages: Monasteries, Medical Schools and the Dawn of State Health Care

241

(106)

4.1 Introduction

241

(7)

4.1.1 "Dark" or "Middle" Ages')

241

(2)

4.1.2 Life After Collapse of the Roman Empire

243

(1)

4.1.3 Reconversion to Christianity

244

(1)

4.1.4 The Golden Age of Charlemagne

245

(1)

4.1.5 Life in the Byzantine Empire

246

(1)

4.1.6 Life in the Arab World

247

(1)

4.1.7 Renewal in Western Europe

248

(1)

4.2 Medical Beliefs and Practice

248

(23)

4.2.1 European Medicine in the Early Middle-Ages

249

(12)

4.2.2 Islamic Attitudes to Medicine

261

(4)

4.2.3 Medicine in Western Europe During the Later Middle-Ages

265

(6)

4.3 Growth of Scientific Knowledge in Europe

271

(5)

4.3.1 Libraries, Learning and Faith

271

(1)

4.3.2 Technical Innovations

272

(1)

4.3.3 Health Care and the Poor

273

(1)

4.3.4 Early Medical Texts

274

(2)

4.3.5 Views on Physiology

276

(1)

4.4 Growth of Scientific Knowledge in the Arab World

276

(7)

4.4.1 Averroes

277

(1)

4.4.2 al-Razi

277

(2)

4.4.3 Seth

279

(1)

4.4.4 Ibn Sina

279

(2)

4.4.5 Ibn al-Nafis

281

(1)

4.4.6 Maimonides

282

(1)

4.5 Development of Medical Schools

283

(6)

4.5.1 Salerno

283

(2)

4.5.2 Montpellier

285

(1)

4.5.3 Paris

286

(1)

4.5.4 Bologna

287

(1)

4.5.5 Padua

288

(1)

4.6 The Spectrum of Health Care Personnel in the Western World During the Middle-Ages

289

(16)

4.6.1 Qualified Physicians

289

(6)

4.6.2 Barber/Surgeons

295

(2)

4.6.3 Apothecaries

297

(2)

4.6.4 Wise Women

299

(1)

4.6.5 Opposition from the Church

300

(1)

4.6.6 Clerics

301

(2)

4.6.7 Female Heads of Households

303

(2)

4.6.8 Role of Other Well-Educated Lay-People

305

(1)

4.7 Public Health and Preventive Medicine

305

(8)

4.7.1 The Islamic World

306

(1)

4.7.2 Northern and Western Europe

307

(6)

4.8 Physical Activity and Fitness

313

(5)

4.8.1 Lifestyle of the Nobility

314

(1)

4.8.2 Lifestyle of the Middle-Class and Agricultural Workers

314

(1)

4.8.3 Children

315

(1)

4.8.4 Attitude of Physicians Towards Exercise

316

(1)

4.8.5 Attitudes of the Church Towards Fitness

316

(1)

4.8.6 Attitudes of the Arab World Towards Physical Activity and Fitness

317

(1)

4.9 Sport and Recreation

318

(19)

4.9.1 Equestrian Sports

318

(3)

4.9.2 Tournaments

321

(1)

4.9.3 Jousting and Tilting

322

(2)

4.9.4 Tennis

324

(1)

4.9.5 Bowling

325

(1)

4.9.6 Kolf

326

(1)

4.9.7 Cricket

327

(2)

4.9.8 Pall Mall

329

(1)

4.9.9 Football (Soccer)

329

(2)

4.9.10 Archery

331

(1)

4.9.11 Other Types of Sport

331

(3)

4.9.12 Other Forms of Physical Activity

334

(1)

4.9.13 Sedentary Pursuits

334

(3)

References

337

(10)

5 The Renaissance: The Dawn of Scientific Enquiry into Health and Fitness

347

(100)

5.1 Introduction

347

(5)

5.2 Contributions of Renaissance Scholarship to Medicine and Health

352

(30)

5.2.1 Building a More Accurate Picture of Human Anatomy

352

(3)

5.2.2 Circulatory System

355

(13)

5.2.3 Respiration and Gas Exchange

368

(9)

5.2.4 Muscle Function

377

(5)

5.3 Development of Schools of Health Science and the Regulation of Medical Qualifications

382

(10)

5.3.1 Academic Recognition

383

(1)

5.3.2 Pattern of Instruction

384

(1)

5.3.3 Oxford and Cambridge

384

(1)

5.3.4 Pisa

385

(1)

5.3.5 Pavia

386

(1)

5.3.6 Leiden

386

(1)

5.3.7 London

386

(4)

5.3.8 Scotland

390

(1)

5.3.9 Montpellier

390

(1)

5.3.10 Bologna

391

(1)

5.3.11 Paris

391

(1)

5.4 Public Health and Hygiene

392

(5)

5.4.1 The Great Plague of London

392

(2)

5.4.2 European Boards of Public Health

394

(1)

5.4.3 Theories on the Source of Epidemics

394

(1)

5.4.4 Introduction of Cotton Clothing

395

(1)

5.4.5 Appearance of the Toothbrush

395

(1)

5.4.6 Control of Food Supply

396

(1)

5.4.7 Measures Adopted by Housewives

396

(1)

5.4.8 Assessment of Overall Population Health

396

(1)

5.5 Attitudes of Kings and Scholars to Health and Fitness

397

(11)

5.5.1 Henry VIII

397

(1)

5.5.2 Queen Elizabeth I

398

(1)

5.5.3 James I

399

(2)

5.5.4 Charles I

401

(1)

5.5.5 The Puritan Commonwealth in Britain

402

(1)

5.5.6 Pilgrim Fathers

403

(1)

5.5.7 Luther

404

(1)

5.5.8 Calvin

405

(1)

5.5.9 Knox

405

(1)

5.5.10 Rabelais

406

(1)

5.5.11 Leonardo da Vinci

406

(1)

5.5.12 Michelangelo

407

(1)

5.6 Attitudes of Physicians Towards Physical Activity and Fitness

408

(4)

5.6.1 Mendez

408

(1)

5.6.2 Castiglione

408

(1)

5.6.3 Mere uriale

409

(1)

5.6.4 Pare

410

(1)

5.6.5 Joubert

411

(1)

5.6.6 Duchesne

411

(1)

5.6.7 Cagmatis

412

(1)

5.6.8 Cogan

412

(1)

5.7 Physical Activity and Educational Curricula

412

(7)

5.7.1 Petrarca (Petrarch)

413

(1)

5.7.2 da Feltre

414

(1)

5.7.3 Alberti

415

(1)

5.7.4 Vegio

416

(1)

5.7.5 Richard Mulcaster

416

(1)

5.7.6 Burton

417

(1)

5.7.7 Montaigne

418

(1)

5.8 Health, Fitness and the Universities

419

(3)

5.8.1 Stubbes

419

(1)

5.8.2 Dalton

420

(1)

5.8.3 Policies on Sport at the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford

420

(1)

5.8.4 Sports Policies of European Universities

421

(1)

5.9 Changing Patterns of Sport and Habitual Physical Activity During the Renaissance

422

(15)

5.9.1 Sports

422

(11)

5.9.2 Habitual Physical Activity

433

(4)

References

437

(10)

6 The Enlightenment: The Impact of Reason and Religion upon Health and Fitness in a Period of Urban Growth and Industrialization

447

(112)

6.1 Background to the Enlightenment

447

(2)

6.2 Contributions of the Enlightenment to Science, Medicine and Health

449

(5)

6.2.1 Development of Schools of Health Science

450

(4)

6.3 New Knowledge of the Circulation, Respiration and Muscle Physiology

454

(26)

6.3.1 Circulation

454

(9)

6.3.2 Respiration

463

(11)

6.3.3 Muscle

474

(6)

6.4 Attitudes of Scholars, Church Leaders and Physicians Towards Physical Activity and Health

480

(37)

6.4.1 Scholars

481

(12)

6.4.2 Church Leaders

493

(5)

6.4.3 Physicians and Proponents of "Alternative Medicine"

498

(19)

6.5 Public Health and Hygiene

517

(3)

6.5.1 Provision of Clean Water

518

(1)

6.5.2 Sewage and Garbage

519

(1)

6.5.3 Average Lifespan

519

(1)

6.6 Physical Education

520

(7)

6.6.1 Enlightenment Schools

521

(2)

6.6.2 Educational Philosophers

523

(4)

6.7 Habitual Physical Activity and Fitness

527

(10)

6.7.1 Activity Patterns of Traditional Farmers

527

(2)

6.7.2 Development of Highways and Turnpikes

529

(3)

6.7.3 The Advent of Water Power

532

(2)

6.7.4 The Introduction of Steam Power

534

(1)

6.7.5 Physical Fitness and Obesity

534

(3)

6.8 Patterns of Sport and Recreation

537

(11)

6.8.1 Equine Sports

537

(1)

6.8.2 Water Sports

538

(2)

6.8.3 Boxing

540

(1)

6.8.4 Lacrosse

541

(1)

6.8.5 Dancing

541

(1)

6.8.6 Strolling

541

(2)

6.8.7 Sedentary-Recreation

543

(5)

References

548

(11)

7 The Victorian Era: The Birth of Scientific Societies and the Blossoming of Public Health

559

(156)

7.1 Background to the Victorian Era

559

(2)

7.2 Scientific Advances in the Victorian Era

561

(37)

7.2.1 Scientific Societies

561

(4)

7.2.2 Positivism, Anti-positivism and Critical Theory

565

(2)

7.2.3 New Knowledge of the Circulation

567

(11)

7.2.4 New Knowledge of Respiration

578

(5)

7.2.5 Tissue Respiration

583

(5)

7.2.6 Muscle Physiology

588

(1)

7.2.7 Evolution

588

(6)

7.2.8 Microbiology and Epidemiology

594

(4)

7.3 Views of Victorian Scholars Concerning Health and Fitness

598

(29)

7.3.1 Health Professionals

598

(12)

7.3.2 Theologians and Social Darwinists

610

(2)

7.3.3 Philosophers, Politicians and Prominent Authors

612

(10)

7.3.4 Statesmen

622

(4)

7.3.5 The Voice of Women

626

(1)

7.4 Physical Activity Trends in Victorian Society

627

(3)

7.4.1 Industry and Agriculture

627

(1)

7.4.2 Domestic Activities

628

(1)

7.4.3 Transportation Technology

629

(1)

7.5 Physical Education

630

(31)

7.5.1 Germany

631

(6)

7.5.2 Denmark

637

(2)

7.5.3 Sweden

639

(2)

7.5.4 Czechoslovakia

641

(1)

7.5.5 Switzerland

642

(1)

7.5.6 France

643

(3)

7.5.7 England

646

(5)

7.5.8 United States

651

(6)

7.5.9 Canada

657

(4)

7.6 Sports, Recreation and Entertainment

661

(25)

7.6.1 Sports Organizations and Associations

661

(9)

7.6.2 Sports and Entertainment

670

(14)

7.6.3 Sedentary Recreational Activities

684

(2)

7.7 Health and Fitness

686

(13)

7.7.1 Public Health

686

(9)

7.7.2 Physical Fitness

695

(4)

References

699

(16)

8 The Modern Era: Blossoming of the Olympic Movement and the Conquest of Acute Disease

715

(188)

8.1 Background to the Modem Era

715

(1)

8.2 Scientific Progress During the Modern Era

716

(41)

8.2.1 New Knowledge of the Respiratory System

717

(2)

8.2.2 New Knowledge of the Cardiovascular System

719

(8)

8.2.3 New Knowledge of Haematology and Exercise Immunology

727

(2)

8.2.4 Assessments of Physical Performance and Fitness

729

(15)

8.2.5 The Growing Interest in Body Build

744

(4)

8.2.6 Integrative Physiology and Responses to Exercise in Extreme Environments

748

(9)

8.3 Politicians and Governmental Policies on Health and Fitness

757

(35)

8.3.1 Germany

757

(5)

8.3.2 Health and Fitness in Italy

762

(4)

8.3.3 Russia

766

(2)

8.3.4 France

768

(5)

8.3.5 Britain

773

(8)

8.3.6 United States

781

(4)

8.3.7 Canada

785

(7)

8.4 Views of Authors and Philosophers on Health and Fitness

792

(10)

8.4.1 Authors

792

(6)

8.4.2 Philosophers

798

(4)

8.5 Health

802

(20)

8.5.1 Demographics and Birth Control

803

(2)

8.5.2 Nutrition

805

(2)

8.5.3 Acute Infections

807

(3)

8.5.4 Chronic Conditions

810

(8)

8.5.5 Radio, Television and Health Education

818

(1)

8.5.6 Racism and Eugenics

819

(1)

8.5.7 Alternative Medicine

820

(2)

8.6 Physical Activity

822

(1)

8.7 Trends of Fitness and Physical Education During the Modern Era

823

(19)

8.7.1 Initiatives Addressed Mainly to Women

823

(6)

8.7.2 National Emphases in Fitness, Physical Education and Sport

829

(13)

8.8 Major Sport During the Modern Era

842

(16)

8.8.1 National and International Competitions

842

(2)

8.8.2 Opportuntties for Female Participation

844

(9)

8.8.3 Doping of Athletes and Its Control

853

(5)

8.9 Sports Medicine

858

(6)

8.9.1 Textbooks

858

(1)

8.9.2 Professional Organizations

859

(5)

8.10 Sport and Leisure Activities

864

(17)

8.10.1 Paid Holidays

865

(2)

8.10.2 Swimming Pools and Aquatic Events

867

(4)

8.10.3 Other Sports and Activities Coming to Prominence in the Modern Era

871

(4)

8.10.4 Outdoor Recreation

875

(3)

8.10.5 Sedentary Activities

878

(3)

References

881

(22)

9 The Post-Modern Era: Chronic Disease and the Onslaught of a Sedentary Lifestyle

903

(162)

9.1 Background to the "Post-Modern" Era

903

(1)

9.2 The Impact of New Technology upon Our Understanding of Health and Fitness

904

(32)

9.2.1 Developments in Respiratory Physiology and Studies of Metabolism

905

(7)

9.2.2 Developments in Cardiology

912

(8)

9.2.3 Developments in Understanding of Muscle Function

920

(3)

9.2.4 Developments in the Determination of Other Body Tissues

923

(1)

9.2.5 Developments in Understanding of the Immune Response to Exercise

924

(3)

9.2.6 Genetics of Health and Fitness

927

(3)

9.2.7 Adaptations to Exercise in Challenging Environments

930

(6)

9.3 Attitudes of Governments and Political Leaders

936

(16)

9.3.1 United States

936

(9)

9.3.2 Canada

945

(7)

9.4 Health in the Post-Modem Era

952

(23)

9.4.1 Life Expectancy

953

(1)

9.4.2 Governmental Emphasis upon Preventive Medicine

954

(2)

9.4.3 Professional Development of Health and Fitness Personnel

956

(4)

9.4.4 Epidemiology, Chronic Disease and Physical Inactivity

960

(3)

9.4.5 Improvements in Occupational Health

963

(4)

9.4.6 Rehabilitation Programmes

967

(3)

9.4.7 Other Developments in Public Health

970

(5)

9.5 Fitness and Training

975

(29)

9.5.1 Factors Stimulating and Sustaining a Renewed Interest in Physical Fitness

975

(4)

9.5.2 Testing and Screening Protocol&

979

(4)

9.5.3 Population Surveys of Fitness and Physical Activity

983

(4)

9.5.4 New Training Techniques

987

(2)

9.5.5 Enhancing Fitness by Work-Site Programmes

989

(5)

9.5.6 Fitness Requirements of Physically Demanding Occupations

994

(2)

9.5.7 Fitness and Aging

996

(1)

9.5.8 Motivational Awards

997

(1)

9.5.9 Motivational Agencies

998

(4)

9.5.10 Physical Demands of a Hunter-Gatherer Lifestyle

1002

(1)

9.6 Physical Education Programmes

1003

(1)

9.6.1 Physiological Impact

1004

(2)

9.6.2 Academic Performance

1005

(1)

9.6.3 Long-Term Impact of Enhanced Physical Education

1006

(1)

9.7 Sport and Leisure

1006

(18)

9.7.1 Governmental Involvement

1007

(3)

9.7.2 Sports Participation

1010

(1)

9.7.3 Professional Associations and Journals

1010

(3)

9.7.4 Introduction of New Sports

1013

(11)

9.8 Olympic Games and Competitive Sport

1024

(20)

9.8.1 Female Participation in Competitive Sport

1025

(2)

9.8.2 Loss of Amateur Idealism

1027

(1)

9.8.3 The Changing Nature of Athletic Competition

1028

(10)

9.8.4 Current Economic Costs and Benefits of Olympic Competition

1038

(3)

9.8.5 Other Competitive Games

1041

(3)

References

1044

(21)

10 Future Directions in Health and Fitness

1065

(10)

10.1 Introduction

1065

(1)

10.2 Health

1065

(4)

10.2.1 Life Expectancy

1065

(2)

10.2.2 Changing Government Health Policies

1067

(1)

10.2.3 New Health Challenges

1067

(2)

10.3 Fitness and Physical Activity

1069

(4)

10.3.1 Loss of the Military Imperative

1069

(1)

10.3.2 The Growing Influence of Robots and Home Offices

1070

(1)

10.3.3 Motivation to Regular Physical Activity

1070

(1)

10.3.4 Fitness Testing and Programme Safety

1071

(1)

10.3.5 Occupational Fitness Requirements Beyond 65 Years of Age

1072

(1)

10.4 Physical Education, Exercise Science and Sport Management

1073

(1)

10.5 Sport

1074

(1)

References

1075

Dr. R.J. Shephard, C.M., is Professor Emeritus of Applied Physiology in the Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education at the University of Toronto, and a consultant in Exercise Sciences. He was Director of the School of Physical and Health Education (now the Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education) at the University of Toronto for twelve years (1979-1991), and also served as Director of the University of Toronto Graduate Programme in Exercise Sciences from 1964 to 1985.

During a varied career in the health sciences, he also served as a consultant to the Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine, the Toronto Rehabilitation Centre, the Directorate of Active Living, Health & Welfare Canada, and the University of Québec (Trois Rivičres). He has held academic appointments in the Dept. of Physiology and the Institute of Medical Sciences at the University of Toronto, the Centre des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Québec ą Trois Rivičres, and the Hōpital Pitié Salpetričre, Université de Paris, and was Canadian Tire Acceptance Limited Resident Scholar in Health Studies at Brock University from 1994 to 1998.

Prior to moving to Toronto in 1964, he held appointments in the Department of Cardiology (Guys Hospital, University of London), the High Altitude Research Unit of the R.A.F. Institute of Aviation Medicine, the Department of Preventive Medicine (University of Cincinnati) and the Applied Physiology section of the U.K. Chemical Defence

Experimental Establishment (Porton Down, U.K.).

He holds four scientific and medical degrees from London University (B.Sc., M.B.B.S., Ph.D. and M.D.) and honorary doctorates from the University of Toronto, Gent University (Belgium), the Université de Montréal, the Université de Québec ą Trois Rivičres, and the University of Guelph, together with the Honour Award of the Canadian Society of Exercise Physiology, the Honor Award and a Citation from the American College of Sports Medicine, and the Honor Award of the North American Society for Pediatric Exercise Medicine. He has been a President of the Canadian Association of Sports Sciences, a President of the American College of Sports Medicine, Editor-in-Chief of the Year Book of Sports Medicine, founding editor of the Exercise Immunology Review, Editor in Chief of the Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences, Associate Editor of the International Journal of Sports Medicine, and a member of the Editorial Board of many other journals. He was appointed to the Order of Canada in 2014, in recognition of "his pioneering work in the field of exercise science and for promoting the health benefits of physical activity to Canadians."

As a part of his research into many facets of the physiology, biochemistry and immunology of health, fitness, exercise and sport, he has been author, part-author or editor of some 100 books covering these topics in relation to able-bodied individuals and those with various types of clinical di

sability, and he has published some 2000 scientific papers on related issues.

Illustrated History of Health and Fitness, from Pre-History to our Post-Modern World 2015 ed. [Kietas viršelis]

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