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x | |
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xi | |
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xii | |
Preface |
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xiii | |
Introduction |
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1 | (16) |
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Essentials of Folk Performance |
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1 | (2) |
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The Structure of the Book |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (3) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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A Functional Definition of Folk Song |
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9 | (2) |
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Bonding People Together through Song |
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11 | (4) |
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`All Music is Folk Music' |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (24) |
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19 | (22) |
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Language and Music as Communication Systems |
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19 | (3) |
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19 | (2) |
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21 | (1) |
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`Hmmmmm' and Human Language |
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22 | (7) |
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23 | (2) |
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What Happened to `Hmmmmm'? |
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25 | (1) |
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Ontogenetic Evidence for the Priority of `Hmmmmmm' |
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26 | (3) |
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Song1 and Song2: Distinguishing Hominins from Other Species |
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29 | (4) |
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Bird Song and Hominid Song |
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29 | (2) |
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Hominid Song as an Exaptive Ability or an Adaptive Faculty: Song!? |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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A Footnote on the Development of Instrumental Music |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (4) |
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34 | (1) |
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The Symbolic Container of Ritual as the Source of Music |
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35 | (2) |
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The Sociolinguistics of Song Performance |
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37 | (4) |
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Part I Creating Community and Identity through Song |
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41 | (72) |
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2 `Breaking through' into Performance |
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43 | (25) |
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Singing, Languaging and Performing |
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43 | (5) |
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Hymes' Notion of Breaking through into Performance |
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44 | (1) |
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The Chip Shop: Keying-in and Keying-out |
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45 | (3) |
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Performance in the Social Sciences since the 1950s |
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48 | (5) |
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Languaging in the Performance Mode and Conceptualising Performance in the Social Sciences |
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48 | (3) |
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Performance as Ritualised Social Drama |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (1) |
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Constructing and Using the Container |
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54 | (7) |
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Constructing the Container in Emergent Social Practice |
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55 | (2) |
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Relational and Representational Singing Performances and the Performance Continuum |
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57 | (3) |
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Representational Performances |
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60 | (1) |
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The Performance Continuum and Hybrid Performance Types |
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61 | (7) |
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Classifying Performance Contexts |
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62 | (6) |
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3 The Communality of Folk Song: Co-performance and Co-production |
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68 | (23) |
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Singing to Create a Community |
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68 | (9) |
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69 | (3) |
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72 | (3) |
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75 | (2) |
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Community Concepts in Sociolinguistics |
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77 | (5) |
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The Community of Practice |
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78 | (3) |
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81 | (1) |
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Co-performance and the Co-production of a `Folk' |
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82 | (4) |
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Shanties and Rowing Songs |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (5) |
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86 | (2) |
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Characteristics of Communal Songs |
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88 | (2) |
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From Rubber Soul to Rubber Folk |
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90 | (1) |
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4 Answering Back: Rebels with and without a Cause |
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91 | (22) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (6) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (4) |
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The Nature of Protest in Song: Musical Aspects |
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98 | (2) |
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Strategies for `Answering Back' in Song |
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100 | (2) |
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Answering Back in English-speaking Folk Worlds |
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102 | (7) |
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Answering Back in Scotland and Ireland: A Historical Sketch |
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103 | (3) |
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Answering Back in the USA: A Historical Sketch |
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106 | (3) |
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109 | (4) |
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Part II Variation in Language and Folk Song |
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113 | (84) |
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5 "The Times They Are a-Changin": Language Change and Song Change |
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115 | (33) |
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115 | (6) |
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The Actuation Process in Language Change and the Transmission Process in Song Change |
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116 | (3) |
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Three Hypothetical Principles for Tracing the History of Folk Songs |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (5) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (3) |
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Variable Song Schemata, but One Song |
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126 | (6) |
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Two Minimally Different Song Schemata and Two Songs |
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132 | (7) |
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The Song Schema of `Geordie' |
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132 | (3) |
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`Geordie' in Child's The English and Scottish Popular Ballads |
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135 | (1) |
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Two Seventeenth-Century `Geordie' Broadsides |
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136 | (3) |
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Songs with No Apparent Song Schema |
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139 | (9) |
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141 | (3) |
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Creating New Songs from Old Material |
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144 | (4) |
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6 Ideologies, Authenticities and Traditions |
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148 | (25) |
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Tradition and Authenticity |
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148 | (1) |
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Tradition and `Traditional' Songs |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (1) |
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The Discourse on Folk Song in Britain: The First Folk Song Revival |
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152 | (5) |
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Discourses and Discourse Archives |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (3) |
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The Discursive Expropriation of Folk Songs |
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156 | (1) |
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Searching for Authenticity: The Second Folk Song Revival |
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157 | (5) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (3) |
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The Authenticity Trope in Sociolinguistics and Music Performance |
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162 | (6) |
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Authenticity as the Process of Searching for the `Lost Other' |
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163 | (2) |
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`The Good Ship Authenticity' and the Second Folk Revival |
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165 | (3) |
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Adapting a Song to Different Performance Contexts: Authenticating the Singer |
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168 | (5) |
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7 `Insects Caught in Amber': Preserving Songs in Print, Transcript and Recording |
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173 | (24) |
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Folk Song as a Process or a Product? |
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173 | (6) |
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Preservation in Performance and the Perpetuation of Songs |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (2) |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (12) |
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179 | (3) |
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182 | (5) |
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Preservation in Recordings |
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187 | (4) |
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Perpetuation and Transmission |
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191 | (6) |
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Part III Folk Song Performance and Linguistics |
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197 | (112) |
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8 Voices in the Folk Song |
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199 | (27) |
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199 | (7) |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (2) |
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203 | (2) |
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Exemplifying Performance Voices |
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205 | (1) |
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Voices and Music in Narrative Songs |
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206 | (6) |
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Exemplifying Fictional Voices: Two Songs about a Tailor |
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206 | (5) |
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Voicing and Ventriloquising |
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211 | (1) |
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Looking for Voices in the Ballad |
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212 | (5) |
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Voice Complexity in Ballads |
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214 | (2) |
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Voicing and Ventriloquising in Ballads |
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216 | (1) |
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The Role of the First-person Narrator in Implied Narratives |
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217 | (6) |
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Presenting a Representative `I' |
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218 | (2) |
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220 | (3) |
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223 | (3) |
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9 The Song: Text and Entextualisation in Performance |
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226 | (23) |
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226 | (4) |
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Written Texts vs Performance Blueprints |
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228 | (1) |
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Text and Entextualisation Revisited |
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228 | (2) |
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A `Flexible Schematic' for Performance |
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230 | (5) |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (4) |
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The Language of Folk Song |
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235 | (6) |
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Formulaic Lexis and Phrases |
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236 | (1) |
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Formulaic Lines, Stanzas and Episodes |
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237 | (1) |
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Formulae for Structuring Narratives |
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238 | (3) |
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The `Song Elements': Functions of Language and Form for Entextualisation |
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241 | (8) |
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242 | (2) |
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Formulaic Song Motifs (FSMs) |
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244 | (2) |
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246 | (3) |
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10 Going Out There and Doing Your Thing |
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249 | (27) |
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Performances in Relational and Representational Frames |
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249 | (2) |
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249 | (1) |
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A Focus on Representational Performance |
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250 | (1) |
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`Billy Grey': A Case Study |
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251 | (12) |
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Norman Blake's Song and First Recording |
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252 | (2) |
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254 | (3) |
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257 | (1) |
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The North American Instantiations |
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257 | (2) |
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The Old World Adaptations |
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259 | (3) |
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262 | (1) |
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From Perpetuation to Performance |
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263 | (4) |
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Two Types of Language `Standardisation' |
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263 | (2) |
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265 | (2) |
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267 | (7) |
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Style as a Sociolinguistic Dimension |
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269 | (3) |
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272 | (2) |
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Rounding Off: The Impact of and on Performance |
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274 | (2) |
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11 Enregisterment through Song: The Performer's Credibility |
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276 | (33) |
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Enregistering Social Practices and Beliefs through Song |
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276 | (1) |
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Registers and Enregisterment |
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277 | (2) |
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Voices, Indexicality, Styles and Enregisterment |
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278 | (1) |
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Enregisterment, De-enregisterment and Re-enregisterment |
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278 | (1) |
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Features of Enregisterment |
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279 | (4) |
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Enregisterment in America |
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280 | (1) |
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De- and Re-enregisterment in British and `New Folk' Versions |
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281 | (1) |
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Shifts in Enregisterment and `Answering Back' |
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282 | (1) |
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Enregistering `Folk Talk' in Performance: Enregisterment |
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283 | (9) |
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Characterological Figures and Distinctive Features |
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283 | (3) |
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Enregistermenti in Maddy Prior's Performance `Back to the Tradition' |
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286 | (6) |
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Enregistering Geordie through Song: Enregisterment2 |
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292 | (17) |
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Songs from Bell's Rhymes of Northern Bards (1812) |
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292 | (6) |
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Nineteenth-century Enregisterment of Geordie in Song |
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298 | (4) |
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De-enregistering and Re-enregistering Geordie: `Byker Hill' |
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302 | (7) |
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309 | (19) |
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12 Whither Folk Song, whither Sociolinguistics? |
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311 | (17) |
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311 | (2) |
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Performance in Languaging |
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313 | (3) |
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Folk Song as Song that Bonds Communities |
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316 | (4) |
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New Approaches in Sociolinguistic Research |
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320 | (2) |
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In Defence of Appropriation and Authenticity: The Resilience of Folk Song |
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322 | (5) |
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327 | (1) |
Appendix: Overview of Musical Concepts |
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328 | (4) |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (2) |
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Harmonies/Chords for the Modal Scales |
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331 | (1) |
References |
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332 | (15) |
Index |
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347 | |