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Liquid Metal Soft Machines: Principles and Applications 2019 ed. [Kietas viršelis]

  • Formatas: Hardback, 372 pages, aukštis x plotis: 235x155 mm, weight: 746 g, 181 Illustrations, color; 6 Illustrations, black and white; XIII, 372 p. 187 illus., 181 illus. in color., 1 Hardback
  • Serija: Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering
  • Išleidimo metai: 27-Sep-2018
  • Leidėjas: Springer Verlag, Singapore
  • ISBN-10: 9811327084
  • ISBN-13: 9789811327087
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Hardback, 372 pages, aukštis x plotis: 235x155 mm, weight: 746 g, 181 Illustrations, color; 6 Illustrations, black and white; XIII, 372 p. 187 illus., 181 illus. in color., 1 Hardback
  • Serija: Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering
  • Išleidimo metai: 27-Sep-2018
  • Leidėjas: Springer Verlag, Singapore
  • ISBN-10: 9811327084
  • ISBN-13: 9789811327087
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
This book discusses the core principles and practical applications of a brand new machine category: liquid-metal soft machines and motors. After a brief introduction on the conventional soft robot and its allied materials, it presents the new conceptual liquid-metal machine, which revolutionizes existing rigid robots, both large and small. It outlines the typical features of the soft liquid-metal materials and describes the various transformation capabilities, mergence of separate metal droplets, self-rotation and planar locomotion of liquid-metal objects under external or internal mechanism. Further, it introduces a series of unusual phenomena discovered while developing the shape changeable smart soft machine and interprets the related mechanisms regarding the effects of the shape, size, voltage, orientation and geometries of the external fields to control the liquid-metal transformers. Moreover, the book illustrates typical strategies to construct a group of different advanced functional liquid-metal soft machines, since such machines or robots are hard to fabricate using rigid-metal or conventional materials. With highly significant fundamental and practical findings, this book is intended for researchers interested in establishing a general method for making future smart soft machine and accompanying robots.

1 Introduction
1(12)
1.1 Basics About Robots
2(1)
1.2 Rise of Soft Machine
2(2)
1.3 Advancements in Soft Robot
4(1)
1.4 About New Generation Soft and Smart Materials of Liquid Metal
5(2)
1.5 Emergence of Liquid Metal Soft Robot
7(3)
1.6 Conclusion
10(3)
References
10(3)
2 Basic Properties of Liquid Metal and Soft Matter
13(24)
2.1 The Room Temperature Liquid Metals
13(3)
2.2 The Physical and Chemical Properties of Liquid Metal Alloy
16(8)
2.3 The Hydrodynamics of Liquid Metal Droplets
24(5)
2.4 Liquid Metal-Based Composite Materials
29(8)
References
34(3)
3 Injectable Transformation of Liquid Metal
37(18)
3.1 About Generation of Liquid Metal Droplets
38(1)
3.2 Mechanical Approach for Liquid Metal Injection
39(1)
3.3 Large-Scale Fabrication of Liquid Metal Droplets
40(3)
3.4 Fabrication of Liquid Metal Droplets Inside Different Fluids
43(5)
3.5 Electro-Hydrodynamic Shooting Phenomenon to Generate Liquid Metal Droplets
48(7)
References
54(1)
4 Electrically Induced Transformations of Liquid Metal Among Different Morphologies
55(36)
4.1 About Transformable Soft Machines
55(2)
4.2 Electrical Approach to Control Liquid Metal in Aqueous Environment
57(1)
4.3 Transformation and Mergence of Liquid Metal Objects
58(3)
4.4 Rotation of Liquid Metal Sphere and Its Induced Water Vortexes
61(1)
4.5 Planar Locomotion of Liquid Metal Objects
62(3)
4.6 Programmable Liquid Metal Machines
65(1)
4.7 Alternating Electric Field to Control Liquid Metal
66(1)
4.8 Alternating Electric Field Actuated Oscillating Behavior of Liquid Metal
67(7)
4.9 Practical Value of Alternating Electric Field Actuated Liquid Metal
74(2)
4.10 Capability Demonstration on Liquid Metal Worm Squeezing Across Narrow Gap
76(15)
4.10.1 Test Situations for Running the Liquid Metal Warm
77(1)
4.10.2 Liquid Metal Warm as Case of Transformable Machine
78(3)
4.10.3 Transformable Capability of Liquid Metal Warm
81(7)
References
88(3)
5 Reversible Transformation of Liquid Metal Machine
91(18)
5.1 Basics of Reversible Transformation
92(1)
5.2 Working SCHEME of Reversible Liquid Metal Deformation
93(2)
5.3 Realization of Large-Scale Reversible Deformation
95(1)
5.4 Major Factors to Dominate the Reversible Deformation.
96(1)
5.5 Effect of the Applied Voltage and Electrode Spacing
97(2)
5.6 Effect of Concentration and Acid-Base Property
99(3)
5.7 Effect of Liquid Metal Volume on Its Deformability
102(2)
5.8 Deformation of Liquid Metal Induced by Low and Periodic Voltage
104(1)
5.9 Deformation Induced by Larger Size Electrodes or Unfixed Cathode
104(1)
5.10 Conclusion
104(5)
References
107(2)
6 Electromagnetic Field Induced Transformation of Liquid Metal
109(22)
6.1 Electromagnetic Rotation of Liquid Metal Sphere
110(1)
6.2 About the Test Liquid Metal Materials
110(1)
6.3 Motion Characteristic of Electrolyte Solution in Electromagnetic Field
111(2)
6.4 Rotational Motion of Liquid Metal Sphere in Electromagnetic Field
113(1)
6.5 Controlling the Rotating Motion of a Liquid Metal Pool
114(5)
6.6 Liquid Metal Folding Patterns Induced by Electric Capillary Force
119(12)
References
127(4)
7 Self Fuelled Transformable Liquid Metal Machine
131(42)
7.1 About Self-fuelled Machine
132(1)
7.2 About Self-fuelled Liquid Metal Machine
133(1)
7.3 Fabrication of Structures for Running Liquid Metal Machine
134(1)
7.4 Locomotion of Liquid Metal Motor in Free Space of a Petri Dish
135(1)
7.5 Adaptability of Liquid Metal Mollusk to Various Surface Profiles
136(5)
7.6 Liquid Metal Motor Moving Autonomously in One-Way Channel
141(1)
7.7 Working Mechanism for Self-fuelled Liquid Metal Motor
142(7)
7.7.1 The Resistance from the Solution to Overcome for the Actuation
143(2)
7.7.2 The Mechanism of the Autonomous Motion of Liquid Metal Motor
145(4)
7.8 Pumping Effect of EGaIn Motor
149(5)
7.9 Autonomous Convergence and Divergence of Liquid Metal Vehicles
154(7)
7.10 Dynamic Hydrogen Generation Phenomenon in Liquid Metal Machine
161(12)
References
169(4)
8 Self-Powered Tiny Liquid Metal Motors
173(26)
8.1 Size Issue of Self-Fuelled Liquid Metal Machines
174(1)
8.2 Injectable Generation of Self-Fuelled Liquid Metal Droplet Motors
174(1)
8.3 Basic Behaviors of Liquid Metal Droplet Motors Running Inside Channel
175(6)
8.4 Macroscopic Brownian Motion of Liquid Metal Motors in Free Space
181(1)
8.5 Dynamic Motion of Al-Ga-In Alloy Droplet Motors
182(1)
8.6 Driving Mechanisms of Tiny Liquid Metal Motor
183(6)
8.7 Magnetic Trap Effect of Liquid Metal Motors
189(6)
8.8 Conclusion
195(4)
References
196(3)
9 Liquid Metal Transient State Machine
199(24)
9.1 About Transient State Machine
200(1)
9.2 Preparation of Functional Liquid Metal Alloy
201(1)
9.3 Force and Velocity of Transient State Motors
201(2)
9.4 Schematic for Transient State Liquid Metal Machine
203(1)
9.5 Transient State Machine in Different States
204(6)
9.6 Interpretation of Transient State Machine
210(3)
9.7 About Color-Changeable Soft Machine
213(1)
9.8 Fluorescent Liquid Metal as Transformable Biomimetic Chameleon
213(2)
9.9 Mechanism of Fluorescent Liquid Metal Chameleon
215(2)
9.10 Transformation and Discoloration of Fluorescent LM Marbles
217(3)
9.11 Conclusion
220(3)
References
221(2)
10 Directional Control of Self-fuelled Liquid Metal Machine
223(26)
10.1 Motion Control of Small Motors in Solution
224(1)
10.2 The Aimless Motion of Liquid Metal Motor in Petri Dish
225(3)
10.3 Electrical Actuation Mechanism of Liquid Metal Machine
228(4)
10.4 Self-propelled Liquid Metal Motors with Magnetic Property
232(2)
10.5 Preparation of Ni/EGaIn Droplet and Ni/al/EGaIn Motor
234(1)
10.6 Preparation of Hyd/al/EGaIn-Al Motor and Hyd/Ni/al/EGaIn-Al Motor
235(1)
10.7 Ni/EGaIn Droplet Under Magnetic or Electric Field
235(2)
10.8 Self-propulsion of Ni/al/EGaIn Motor
237(3)
10.9 Manipulation of Self-propelled Ni/Al/EGaIn Motor by Magnetic Field
240(3)
10.10 Control of Self-propelled Ni/al/EGaIn Motor by Electric Field
243(2)
10.11 Self-propelled Motor for Drug Delivery
245(4)
References
246(3)
11 Environment Enabled Liquid Metal Machine
249(18)
11.1 About Breathing Enabled Liquid Metal Machine
249(2)
11.2 Experiments on the Breathing Driven Liquid Metal Beating Heart
251(1)
11.3 Cyclic Oscillation of Liquid Metal Droplet
252(1)
11.4 Tracing the Dynamic Behaviors
252(3)
11.5 Mechanisms of the Breathing Enabled Self-propulsion
255(4)
11.6 Heat-Powered Thermo-Pneumatic Liquid Metal Machine
259(3)
11.7 Working Performance of the Heat-Powered Liquid Metal Machine
262(5)
References
265(2)
12 Nanoparticles Enabled Liquid Metal Motions
267(20)
12.1 Interfacial Interactions on Liquid Metal Droplets
267(1)
12.2 Jumping Liquid Metal Droplet in Electrolyte
268(3)
12.3 Conspicuous Mechanics of Jumping Liquid Metal Droplet in Electrolyte
271(4)
12.4 Further Mechanism Discussion
275(1)
12.5 Particles Triggered Liquid Metal Surface Convection
275(6)
12.6 Tracing Liquid Metal Surface Convection with a Particle Raft
281(6)
References
284(3)
13 Substrate Enabled Liquid Metal Machine
287(24)
13.1 Transformation of Liquid Metal Droplet on Graphite in Electrolyte
287(4)
13.2 Transformation Induced by Direct Connection with Electrode
291(1)
13.3 Electric Field Induced Planar Locomotion of Liquid Metal on Graphite
291(5)
13.4 Electric Field Driven Upslope Locomotion of Liquid Metal on Graphite
296(2)
13.5 Liquid Metal Amoeba Enabled by Substrate Effects
298(1)
13.6 Transformations of Liquid Metal-Al Droplets on Graphite
299(12)
References
308(3)
14 Chemicals Enabled Liquid Metal Machine
311(18)
14.1 About Snake-like Motions of Soft Robots
312(1)
14.2 Approaches to Realize and Characterize Serpentine Liquid Metal Machine
313(1)
14.3 Basics of Serpentine Locomotion
313(2)
14.4 Surface Tension Imbalance Originating from the Cu-Ga Galvanic Couples
315(3)
14.5 Factors to Affect Serpentine Locomotion of Liquid Metal Machine
318(8)
14.6 Conclusion
326(3)
References
326(3)
15 Hybrid Liquid Metal Machine
329(30)
15.1 Oscillation Behavior of Copper Wire in Liquid Metal Machine
330(1)
15.2 Quantifying the Oscillation Behavior of Hybrid Liquid Metal Machine
331(1)
15.3 Interpretation of the Oscillation Phenomenon
332(5)
15.4 Controlling Oscillation Process of Hybrid Liquid Metal Machine
337(4)
15.5 Graphite-Induced Periodical Self-actuation of Liquid Metal
341(3)
15.6 Resonance Phenomenon of Two Liquid Metal Spheres Contacting with Graphite
344(4)
15.7 Galvanic Corrosion Couple Induced Marangoni Flow of Liquid Metal
348(5)
15.8 Temperature Effect on Galvanic Couple Induced Marangoni Flow of Liquid Metal
353(6)
References
358(1)
16 Liquid Metal Wheeled 3D-Printed Vehicle
359
16.1 About Liquid Metal Wheeled Vehicle
359(2)
16.2 Fabrication of Liquid Metal Vehicle
361(1)
16.3 Solo-Wheel Liquid Metal Vehicle
362(1)
16.4 Four-Wheel Liquid Metal Vehicle
363(6)
16.5 Boat-like Liquid Metal Vehicle
369(2)
16.6 Perspective of Future Liquid Metal Vehicle
371
References
371
Jing Liu received his double bachelors degrees (B.E. in Power Engineering and Control and B.S. in Physics) in 1992, and Ph.D. in Thermal Science with specialty on Bioengineering in 1996, all from Tsinghua University. He then served as assistant professor there, a postdoctoral research associate at Purdue University, and a senior visiting scholar at MIT. He has been a professor of Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) since July 1999 and a professor of Tsinghua University since August 2008. Dr. Liu works intensively at the interdisciplinary areas among biomedical engineering, mobile health care technology, liquid metal and thermal science. He has made significant contributions to the bioheat transfer area through numerous conceptual innovation, methodology development and technical inventions. Quite a few of his inventions have been translated into clinical uses. Dr. Liu pioneered a group of nonconventional technologies and fundamental scientific discoveries through introducing the room temperature liquid metals into rather diverse areas which successfully initiated many new directions in biomedical engineering, soft machine, chip cooling, advanced manufacture and energy area etc. Among them, his work in adopting liquid metal to electrically connect the severed nerves was especially attributed as most amazing medical breakthroughs.

Zhi-Zhu He is an Associate Professor at the Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). He received his Ph.D. degree in Thermal Science with specialty in Bioengineering in 2010. He then served as an Assistant Professor there, and become Associate Professor since 2016. He has published 20 peer reviewed journal articles. He works intensively at liquid metal and its wide application in heat transfer and soft machine.He has developed an easy way to generate liquid metal droplets in large quantity, which is important from both fundamental and practical aspects. In addition, he has investigated the transient state machine enabled from colliding and coalescence of a swarm of autonomously running liquid metal motors. 

Lei Sheng is an Assistant Professor at the Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). He received his B.E. degree in biomedical engineering in 2007 from Hefei University of Technology and Ph.D. in biomedical engineering in 2013 from Beijing University of Technology, then worked as a postdoctoral fellow in Tsinghua University until 2016. Dr. Shengs research interests include liquid metal based soft robots, sensors and other applications of liquid metal used in biomedical field. He has being taken charge of doctoral science foundation and participated in a number of National Natural Science Foundation of China and Beijing Natural Science Foundation. His representative papers were published in Advanced Materials, Small, Scientific Reports and other academic publications. Related research achievements were reported by FOX News, New Scientist, MIT Technology Review, CCTV News, the front page of Science China Daily (4 times) and Tsinghua News.