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El. knyga: Organic Optoelectronics

Thomas Bjornholm, Xiaowei Zhan (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China), Fenglian Bai (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China), Xiong Gong (University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA), Wenping Hu (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China), Hongbing Fu (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bei)

Formatas: PDF+DRM
Išleidimo metai: 08-Nov-2012
Leidėjas: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
Kalba: eng
ISBN-13: 9783527653485

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Formatas: PDF+DRM
Išleidimo metai: 08-Nov-2012
Leidėjas: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
Kalba: eng
ISBN-13: 9783527653485

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Chinese and European chemists describe the fundamental science and real applications of organic optoelectronics, focusing on the optoelectronic behavior of organic semiconductors and their applications in new optoelectronic devices. They cover electronic process in organic solids, organic/polymeric semiconductors for field-effect transistors, organic circuits and organic single-molecule transistors, organic photonic devices, organic solar cells based on small molecules, and organic thermoelectric power devices. Annotation ©2013 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Written by internationally recognized experts in the field with academic as well as industrial experience, this book concisely yet systematically covers all aspects of the topic.
The monograph focuses on the optoelectronic behavior of organic solids and their application in new optoelectronic devices. It covers organic electroluminescent materials and devices, organic photonics, materials and devices, as well as organic solids in photo absorption and energy conversion. Much emphasis is laid on the preparation of functional materials and the fabrication of devices, from materials synthesis and purification, to physicochemical properties and the basic processes and working principles of the devices.
The only book to cover fundamentals, applications, and the latest research results, this is a handy reference for both researchers and those new to the field.

Recenzijos

This text will be very helpful for anyone interested in optoelectronics. (Optics & Photonics News, 1 October 2013)

Preface

List of Contributors

xvii

1 Electronic Process in Organic Solids

(42)

Hongzhen Lin

Fenglian Bai

1.1 Introduction

(2)

1.2 Structure Characteristics and Properties of Organic Solids

(5)

1.2.1 Organic Solids

(3)

1.2.2 Molecular Geometries

(1)

1.2.3 Aggregations and Assemblies

(1)

1.3 Electronic Processes in Organic Small Molecules

(14)

1.3.1 Photophysics of Small Molecules

(1)

1.3.1.1 Molecular Orbital Model

(1)

1.3.1.2 Jablonski Diagram

(1)

1.3.1.3 Frank-Condon Principle

(1)

1.3.1.4 Electronic Absorption

(2)

1.3.1.5 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence

(2)

1.3.2 Excitation for Charge and Energy Transfer in Small Molecules

(1)

1.3.2.1 Photoinduced Electron Transfer

(3)

1.3.2.2 Excitation Energy Transfer

(4)

1.4 Some Basic Concepts of Electronic Process in Conjugated Polymers

(13)

1.4.1 Excited States in Conjugated Polymers

(1)

1.4.1.1 Soliton

(1)

1.4.1.1 Polaron

(1)

1.4.1.3 Bipolaron

(1)

1.4.1.4 Exciton

(3)

1.4.2 Interactions between Conjugated Polymer Chains

(1)

1.4.2.1 Bound Polaron Pairs

(1)

1.4.2.2 Excimers

(1)

1.4.2.3 Ground-State Complexes

(1)

1.4.3 Photoinduced Charge Transfer between Conjugated Polymers and Electron Acceptors

(3)

1.5 Carriers Generation and Transport

(8)

1.5.1 Charge Carriers

(1)

1.5.2 Carrier Mobility and Its Measurement

(1)

1.5.3 Mobility-Influencing Factors

(1)

References

(5)

2 Organic/Polymeric Semiconductors for Field-Effect Transistors

(52)

Qing Meng

Huanli Dong

Wenping Hu

2.1 Introduction

(4)

2.1.1 Features of Organic/Polymeric Semiconductors

(1)

2.1.2 Classification of Semiconductors for Organic Field-Effect Transistors

(2)

2.1.3 Main Parameters for the Characterization of Organic/Polymeric Semiconductors

(1)

2.2 Small-Molecular Semiconductors

(24)

2.2.1 P-type Small-Molecular Semiconductors

(1)

2.2.1.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

(6)

2.2.1.2 Chalcogen-Containing Semiconductors

(10)

2.2.1.3 Nitrogen-Containing Semiconductors

(2)

2.2.2 n-Type Small-Molecule Semiconductors

(1)

2.2.2.1 Fluorine-Containing Semiconductors

(2)

2.2.2.2 Cyano-Containing Semiconductors

(1)

2.2.2.3 Carbonyl and Imide Semiconductors

(2)

2.2.2.4 Fullerenes

(1)

2.3 Polymer Semiconductors

(5)

2.3.1 p-Type Polymer Semiconductors

(1)

2.3.1.1 Polythiophenes

(1)

2.3.1.2 Thiophene-Heteroacene Copolymers

(1)

2.3.1.3 Other Copolymers

(1)

2.3.2 n-Type Polymer Semiconductors

(1)

2.4 Normal Synthetic Methods for Organic Semiconductors

(4)

2.4.1 Diels-Alder Cycloaddition

(1)

2.4.2 Aldol Reaction

(1)

2.4.3 Stille Reaction

(1)

2.4.4 Suzuki Reaction

(1)

2.4.5 Sonogashira Crosscoupling

(1)

2.4.6 Ullmann Reaction

(1)

2.4.7 Heck Reaction

(1)

2.5 Purification of Organic Semiconductors

(1)

2.6 Outlook

(14)

References

(14)

3 Organic/Polymeric Field-Effect Transistors

(76)

Chengliang Wang

Lang Jiang

Wenping Hu

3.1 Introduction

(6)

3.1.1 Configurations of Organic Field-Effect Transistors

(1)

3.1.2 Working Principle of Organic Field-Effect Transistors

(4)

3.2 Carriers Transport in Organic Field-Effect Transistors

101

(8)

3.2.1 Molecular Arrangement in Organic Semiconductors

101

(3)

3.2.2 Charge Transport Models in Organic Semiconductors

104

(4)

3.2.3 Factors Influencing Charge Transport in the Conducting Channel of Organic Transistors

108

(1)

3.3 Electrodes, Insulators, and Interfaces of Organic Field-Effect Transistors

109

(12)

3.3.1 Electrodes

109

(4)

3.3.2 Insulators

113

(1)

3.3.2.1 Oxides

113

(1)

3.3.2.2 Polymers

114

(2)

3.3.2.3 Self-Assembled Layers

116

(1)

3.3.2.4 Air Dielectric

116

(1)

3.3.3 Interfaces

117

(1)

3.3.3.1 Energy Level Alignment

117

(2)

3.3.3.2 Interface Compatibility

119

(2)

3.4 Organic/Polymeric Thin Film Field-Effect Transistors

121

(19)

3.4.1 Techniques for Thin Film Preparation

121

(1)

3.4.2 Effect of Thin-Film Microstructure on the Performance of Transistors

122

(4)

3.4.3 High-Performance Transistors of Small Molecules

126

(7)

3.4.4 High-Performance Transistors of Conjugated Polymers

133

(2)

3.4.5 New Techniques for Organic/Polymeric Thin Film Field-Effect Transistors

135

(1)

3.4.5.1 Self-Assembly

135

(2)

3.4.5.2 Printing

137

(3)

3.5 Organic/Polymeric Single Crystal Field-Effect Transistors

140

(15)

3.5.1 Organic/Polymeric Single Crystals

140

(1)

3.5.2 Growth of Organic/Polymeric Crystals

140

(1)

3.5.2.1 Vapor Process for the Growth of Organic Crystals

140

(2)

3.5.2.2 Solution Process for the Growth of Organic/Polymeric Crystals

142

(2)

3.5.3 Fabrication Techniques for Organic Field-Effect Transistors of Single Crystals

144

(1)

3.5.3.1 Electrostatic-Bonding Technique

144

(1)

3.5.3.2 Drop-Casting Technique

144

(2)

3.5.3.3 Deposition Parylene Dielectric Technique

146

(1)

3.5.3.4 Shadow Mask Technique

147

(1)

3.5.3.5 Gold Layer Glue Technique

148

(1)

3.5.4 Performance of Organic/Polymeric Single Crystals in Field-Effect Transistors

148

(1)

3.5.4.1 Organic/Polymeric Crystals

148

(5)

3.5.4.2 Structure-Property Relationship of Organic/Polymeric Single Crystals

153

(2)

3.6 Outlook

155

(16)

References

156

(15)

4 Organic Circuits and Organic Single-Molecule Transistors

171

(106)

Qinqxin Tang

Yanhong Tong

Wenping Hu

4.1 Introduction

171

(7)

4.1.1 Ambipolar Transistors

171

(2)

4.1.2 Inverter Circuits

173

(3)

4.1.3 Ring Oscillator Circuits

176

(2)

4.2 Circuits of Organic Thin Films

178

(32)

4.2.1 Circuits of Organic Thin Films Based on Ambipolar Transistors

178

(6)

4.2.2 Circuits of Organic Thin Films Based on Unipolar Transistors

184

(3)

4.2.3 Complementary Circuits of Organic Thin Films

187

(5)

4.2.4 Complex Circuits of Organic Thin Films

192

(7)

4.2.5 Performance Modulation of Organic Thin-Film Circuits

199

(10)

4.2.6 Analog Circuit Based on Organic Thin-Film Transistors

209

(1)

4.3 Self-Assembled and Printed Organic Circuits

210

(6)

4.3.1 Self-Assembled Organic Circuits

210

(3)

4.3.2 Printed Organic Circuits

213

(3)

4.4 Circuits of Organic Crystals

216

(5)

4.5 Single-Molecule Transistors

221

(38)

4.5.1 Fabrication of Single-Molecule Transistors

222

(1)

4.5.1.1 Fabrication of Single-Molecule Prototype Devices

222

(3)

4.5.1.2 Fabrication of Single-Molecule Transistors by Nanogap Electrodes

225

(19)

4.5.2 Behavior of Single-Molecule Transistors

244

(1)

4.5.2.1 Temperature- and Length-Variable Transport of Single Molecules

245

(2)

4.5.2.2 Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy of Single Molecules

247

(4)

4.5.2.3 Transition Voltage Spectroscopy of Single Molecules

251

(2)

4.5.3 Quanta and Theories of Single-Molecule Transistors

253

(6)

4.6 Challenges and Outlooks

259

(18)

References

259

(18)

5 Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes (PLEDs): Devices and Materials

277

(60)

Xiong Gong

5.1 Introduction

277

(1)

5.2 PLEDs Fabricated from Conjugated Polymers

278

(1)

5.2.1 Device Architecture

278

(1)

5.2.2 Device Fabrication

278

(1)

5.3 Accurate Measurement of PLED Device Parameters

279

(4)

5.3.1 Photopic Luminosity

279

(2)

5.3.2 Measurement of PLEDs

281

(2)

5.4 Devices Physics of PLEDs

283

(13)

5.4.1 Elementary Microscopic Process of PLEDs

283

(1)

5.4.1.1 Injection

283

(1)

5.4.1.2 Carrier Transport

284

(1)

5.4.1.3 Carrier Recombination

284

(1)

5.4.1.4 Photon Emission

284

(1)

5.4.1.5 Photon Extraction

285

(1)

5.4.2 Carrier Transport in PLEDs

285

(1)

5.4.3 Electronic Characteristic of PLEDs

286

(1)

5.4.3.1 Current-Voltage Characteristics

286

(1)

5.4.3.2 Space-Charge-Limited Currents

286

(2)

5.4.3.3 Injection-Limited Currents

288

(1)

5.4.3.4 Diffusion-Controlled Currents

288

(1)

5.4.4 Fowler-Nordheim Tunneling in Conjugated Polymer MIM Diodes

289

(3)

5.4.4.1 Single Carrier Devices

292

(1)

5.4.4.2 LED Operating Voltage and Efficiency

293

(1)

5.4.4.3 Limits of the Model

294

(1)

5.4.5 Approaches to Improved Carrier Injection

295

(1)

5.5 Materials for PLEDs

296

(7)

5.5.1 Conjugated Polymers for PLEDs

296

(1)

5.5.1.1 Poly(p-phenylenevinylene)s (PPVs)

297

(1)

5.5.1.2 Polyphenylenes (PPPs)

297

(1)

5.5.1.3 Polyfluorenes (PFs)

297

(2)

5.5.1.4 Polythiophenes (PTs)

299

(1)

5.5.2 Anode and Cathode

300

(1)

5.5.2.1 Anodes

300

(1)

5.5.2.2 Cathodes

301

(1)

5.5.3 Hole-Injection/Transporting Materials

302

(1)

5.5.3.1 Hole-Injection Materials

302

(1)

5.5.3.2 Hole-Transporting Materials

302

(1)

5.5.4 Electron-Transporting Materials

302

(1)

5.6 Electrophosphorescent PLEDs

303

(20)

5.6.1 Energy Transfer

303

(3)

5.6.2 Electrophosphorescent PLEDs

306

(3)

5.6.3 Nonconjugated Polymer-Based Electrophosphorescent PLEDs

309

(7)

5.6.4 Conjugated Polymer-Based Electrophosphorescent PLEDs

316

(7)

5.7 White-Light PLEDs

323

(8)

5.7.1 Solid-State Lighting

323

(1)

5.7.2 Characterization of White Light

324

(1)

5.7.3 Fabrication of White-Light PLEDs

325

(1)

5.7.4 Efficient Excitation Energy Transfer from PFO to the Fluorenone Defect

326

(2)

5.7.5 White Electrophosphorescent PLEDs

328

(2)

5.7.6 Outlook of White PLEDs

330

(1)

5.8 Summary

331

(6)

References

331

(6)

6 Organic Solids for Photonics

337

(14)

Hongbing Fu

6.1 Introduction

337

(1)

6.2 Size Effects on the Optical Properties of Organic Solids

338

(4)

6.2.1 Exciton Confinement Effect

338

(1)

6.2.2 Size-Tunable Emission

339

(2)

6.2.3 Multiple Emissions

341

(1)

6.3 Aggregation-Induced Enhanced Emission

342

(2)

6.4 Composite Solid

344

(3)

6.5 Outlook

347

(4)

References

348

(3)

7 Organic Photonic Devices

351

(24)

Hongbing Fu

7.1 Introduction

351

(1)

7.2 Crystalline One-Dimensional (1-D) Organic Nanostructures

352

(5)

7.2.1 Self-Assembly in Liquid Phase

352

(1)

7.2.2 Template-Induced Self-Assembly in Liquid Phase

353

(2)

7.2.3 Morphology Control with Molecular Design

355

(1)

7.2.4 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)

355

(2)

7.3 Organic Nanophotonics

357

(14)

7.3.1 Electroluminescence and Field Emission

358

(1)

7.3.2 Tunable Emission from Binary Organic Nanowires

358

(4)

7.3.3 Organic 1-D Optical Waveguides

362

(6)

7.3.4 Lasing from Organic Nanowires

368

(1)

7.3.5 Organic Photonic Circuits

369

(2)

7.4 Outlook

371

(4)

References

373

(2)

8 Organic Solar Cells Based on Small Molecules

375

(32)

Yuze Lin

Xiaowei Zhan

8.1 Introduction

375

(3)

8.1.1 Solar Energy and Solar Cells

375

(1)

8.1.2 Materials Features for Solar Cells

376

(1)

8.1.3 Device Configurations of Solar Cells

377

(1)

8.1.3.1 Hamburger Structure

377

(1)

8.1.3.2 Tandem Structure

378

(1)

8.2 Small-Molecule Donors

378

(13)

8.2.1 Dyes

379

(5)

8.2.2 Oligothiophenes

384

(3)

8.2.3 Triphenylamine Derivatives

387

(4)

8.3 Small-Molecule Acceptors

391

(4)

8.3.1 Rylene Diimides

391

(2)

8.3.2 Other Nonfullerene Acceptors

393

(2)

8.4 Donor-Acceptor Dyad Molecules for Single-Component OPVs

395

(1)

8.5 Conclusions and Outlook

396

(11)

References

397

(10)

9 Polymer Solar Cells

407

(30)

Huitao Bai

Qinqin Shi

Xiaowei Zhan

9.1 Introduction

407

(1)

9.2 Polymer Donor Materials

408

(15)

9.2.1 Polyphenylenevinylene (PPV) Derivatives

408

(2)

9.2.2 Polythiophene Derivatives

410

(3)

9.2.3 Polyfluorene Derivatives

413

(3)

9.2.4 Polycarbazole Derivatives

416

(1)

9.2.5 Polybenzodithiophene Derivatives

417

(2)

9.2.6 Polycyclopentadithiophene Derivatives

419

(2)

9.2.7 Metallic Conjugated Polymers

421

(2)

9.3 Polymer Acceptor Materials

423

(5)

9.4 Conclusions and Outlook

428

(9)

References

429

(8)

10 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)

437

(30)

Lanchao Ma

Xiaowei Zhan

10.1 Introduction

437

(5)

10.2 Small-Molecule Dyes in DSSCs

442

(11)

10.2.1 Coumarin Dyes

442

(2)

10.2.2 Triphenylamine Dyes

444

(4)

10.2.3 Bisfluorenylaniline Dyes

448

(2)

10.2.4 Other Dyes

450

(3)

10.3 Polymer Dyes in DSSCs

453

(1)

10.4 Dyes in p-Type DSSCs

454

(3)

10.5 Summary and Outlook

457

(10)

References

459

(8)

11 Organic Thermoelectric Power Devices

467

(20)

Martin Leijnse

Karsten Flensberg

Thomas Bjornholm

11.1 Introduction

467

(1)

11.2 Basic Thermoelectric Principles

468

(8)

11.2.1 The Thermoelectric Effect

468

(4)

11.2.2 Thermoelectric Efficiency and Figure of Merit

472

(2)

11.2.3 Optimizing the Figure of Merit

474

(2)

11.3 Thermoelectric Materials and Devices

476

(7)

11.3.1 Inorganic Nanostructured Materials

476

(1)

11.3.2 Single-Molecule Devices

477

(3)

11.3.3 Devices Based on Polymers

480

(2)

11.3.4 Devices Based on Small Molecules

482

(1)

11.3.5 Hybrid and Composite Materials

482

(1)

11.4 Conclusions and Outlook

483

(4)

References

484

(3)

Glossary of the book

487

(10)

Index

497

Wenping Hu received his PhD from ICCAS in 1999, then, he worked in Osaka University and Stuttgart University as a research fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences and Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, respectively. In 2003, he returned to ICCAS as a full professor from Nippon Telephone and Telegraph. He is focusing on organic optoelectronics since 1996. In 2010, he received the Young Chemist Award of Chinese Chemical Society and Royal Chemical Society of UK, and in 2012 he got the Chemical Innovation Award of Chinese Chemical Society and Evonik in recognition of his renowned research in the area of organic optoelectronic materials and devices.

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