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El. knyga: Outskirts of Galaxies

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This book consists of invited reviews written by world-renowned experts on the subject of the outskirts of galaxies, an upcoming field which has been understudied so far. These regions are faint and hard to observe, yet hide a tremendous amount of information on the origin and early evolution of galaxies. They thus allow astronomers to address some of the most topical problems, such as gaseous and satellite accretion, radial migration, and merging.
The book is published in conjunction with the celebration of the end of the four-year DAGAL project, an EU-funded initial training network, and with a major international conference on the topic held in March 2016 in Toledo. It thus reflects not only the views of the experts, but also the scientific discussions and progress achieved during the project and the meeting. The reviews in the book describe the most modern observations of the outer regions of our own Galaxy, and of galaxies in the local and high-redshift Universe. They tackle disks, haloes, streams, and accretion as observed through deep imaging and spectroscopy, and guide the reader through the various formation and evolution scenarios for galaxies. The reviews focus on the major open questions in the field, and explore how they can be tackled in the future.
This book provides a unique entry point into the field for graduate students and non-specialists, and serves as a reference work for researchers in this exciting new field.

1 Outer Regions of the Milky Way
1(30)
Francesca Figueras
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 The Outer Disk of the Milky Way: Stellar Content
2(4)
1.2.1 Resolved Stellar Populations
3(1)
1.2.2 The Outer Reaches
4(2)
1.3 The Milky Way Outer Disk: Structure and Dynamics
6(5)
1.3.1 Spiral Arm Impact on Disk Dynamics and Structure
6(1)
1.3.2 The Galactic Warp and Flare
7(2)
1.3.3 Gravitational Interaction with Satellites
9(1)
1.3.4 Dynamics of the Vertical Blending and Breathing Modes
10(1)
1.4 Towards a Chemodynamical Model of the Galactic Disk
11(6)
1.4.1 Age-Metallicity-Kinematics Relations
11(1)
1.4.2 The Galactic Thick Disk
12(1)
1.4.3 The Radial Abundance Gradients
13(4)
1.4.4 The "Outside-In" Versus "Inside-Out" Disk Formation Scenarios v
17(1)
1.5 Large Surveys in the Next Decade
17(6)
1.5.1 The Gaia Mission
18(5)
1.6 Conclusions
23(8)
References
23(8)
2 Resolved Stellar Populations as Tracers of Outskirts
31(46)
Denija Crnojevic
2.1 The Importance of Haloes
31(4)
2.1.1 Resolved Stellar Populations
33(1)
2.1.2 The Low-Mass End of the Galaxy Luminosity Function
34(1)
2.2 Local Group
35(13)
2.2.1 Milky Way
35(5)
2.2.2 M31 (Andromeda)
40(7)
2.2.3 Low-Mass Galaxies In and Around the Local Group
47(1)
2.3 Beyond the Local Group
48(13)
2.3.1 Systematic Studies
50(3)
2.3.2 Panoramic Views of Individual Galaxies
53(8)
2.4 Summary and Future Prospects
61(16)
References
63(14)
3 The Impact of Stellar Migration on Disk Outskirts
77(38)
Victor P. Debattista
Rok RoSkar
Sarah R. Loebman
3.1 Introduction
77(2)
3.1.1 Our Definition of Breaks
79(1)
3.2 Demographics of Profile Type
79(2)
3.2.1 The Role of Environment
80(1)
3.2.2 Redshift Evolution
81(1)
3.3 Stellar Migration
81(8)
3.3.1 Migration via Transient Spirals
82(2)
3.3.2 Multiple Patterns
84(5)
3.3.3 Evidence for Migration in the Milky Way
89(1)
3.4 Type II Profiles
89(11)
3.4.1 Theoretical Models
90(6)
3.4.2 Observational Tests
96(3)
3.4.3 Synthesis and Outlook
99(1)
3.5 Type I Profiles
100(4)
3.5.1 Origin of Type I Profiles in Isolated Galaxies
101(1)
3.5.2 Type I Profiles in Cluster Lenticulars
102(2)
3.6 Type III Profiles
104(1)
3.6.1 Formation of Type III Disk Profiles
104(1)
3.7 Future Prospects
105(10)
References
107(8)
4 Outskirts of Nearby Disk Galaxies: Star Formation and Stellar Populations
115(30)
Bruce G. Elmegreen
Deidre A. Hunter
4.1 Introduction
115(1)
4.2 Outer Disk Structure from Collapse Models of Galaxy Formation
116(1)
4.3 Outer Disk Structure: Three Exponential Types
117(1)
4.4 Outer Disk Stellar Populations: Colour and Age Gradients
118(2)
4.5 Mono-Age Structure of Stellar Populations
120(1)
4.6 Outer Disk Structure: Environmental Effects and the Role of Bulges and Bars
120(1)
4.7 Outer Disk Structure: Star Formation Models
121(4)
4.8 The Disks of Dwarf Irregular Galaxies
125(9)
4.8.1 Radial Trends
125(3)
4.8.2 Star Formation in Dwarfs
128(2)
4.8.3 The Hα/FUV Ratio
130(2)
4.8.4 Breaks in Radial Profiles in dIrr Galaxies
132(2)
4.9 Summary
134(11)
References
135(10)
5 Metallicities in the Outer Regions of Spiral Galaxies
145(30)
Fabio Bresolin
5.1 Introduction
145(1)
5.2 Measuring Nebular Abundances
146(2)
5.3 Chemical Abundances of HII Regions in Outer Disks
148(11)
5.3.1 Early Work
148(1)
5.3.2 M83: A Case Study
149(3)
5.3.3 Other Systems
152(3)
5.3.4 Results from Galaxy Surveys
155(3)
5.3.5 Nitrogen Abundances
158(1)
5.4 Additional Considerations
159(1)
5.4.1 Relation Between Metallicity and Surface Brightness Breaks
159(1)
5.4.2 An Analogy with Low Surface Brightness Galaxies?
159(1)
5.5 The Evolutionary Status of Outer Disks
160(4)
5.5.1 Flattening the Gradients
160(1)
5.5.2 Bringing Metals to the Outer Disks
161(3)
5.6 Conclusion
164(11)
References
165(10)
6 Molecular Gas in the Outskirts
175(34)
Linda C. Watson
Jin Koda
6.1 Introduction
175(2)
6.2 Molecular Gas from the Inner to the Outer Regions of Galaxies
177(1)
6.3 Molecular ISM Masses: Basic Equations
178(9)
6.3.1 Brightness Temperature, Flux Density and Luminosity
178(2)
6.3.2 Observations of the Molecular ISM Using CO Line Emission
180(2)
6.3.3 Observations of the Molecular ISM Using Dust Continuum Emission
182(1)
6.3.4 The ISM in Extreme Environments Such as the Outskirts
183(4)
6.4 Molecular Gas Observations in the Outskirts of Disk Galaxies
187(8)
6.4.1 The Milky Way
187(3)
6.4.2 Extragalactic Disk Galaxies
190(5)
6.5 Molecular Gas Observations in the Outskirts of Early-Type Galaxies
195(2)
6.6 Molecular Gas Observations in Galaxy Groups and Clusters
197(1)
6.7 Conclusions and Future Directions
198(11)
References
199(10)
7 Hi in the Outskirts of Nearby Galaxies
209(46)
Albert Bosma
7.1 Introduction
209(1)
7.2 Hi in Galaxies and the Dark Matter Problem: Early Work
210(2)
7.3 Warps
212(2)
7.4 Further Data on Hi in Galaxies and the Dark Matter Problem
214(1)
7.5 The Disk-Halo Degeneracy in the Dark Matter Problem
215(4)
7.6 Flaring of the Outer Hi Layer: Probing the Shape of the Dark Matter Halo
219(8)
7.6.1 Early Work on Case Studies
219(1)
7.6.2 Recent Results for Small, Flat Galaxies
220(1)
7.6.3 Large Galaxies with a High Star Formation Rate: Accretion
221(3)
7.6.4 Velocity Dispersions in the Outer Hi Layers of Spiral Galaxies
224(3)
7.6.5 Star Formation in Warped Hi Layers
227(1)
7.7 The Core-Cusp Problem
227(3)
7.8 Alternative Gravity Theories
230(2)
7.9 Irregular Galaxies
232(3)
7.9.1 Very Large Hi Envelopes
232(3)
7.9.2 Velocity Dispersions in Dwarf Irregular Galaxies
235(1)
7.10 The Relation Between Hi Extent and the Optical Radius
235(3)
7.11 Concluding Remarks
238(17)
References
239(16)
8 Ultra-Deep Imaging: Structure of Disks and Haloes
255(36)
Johan H. Knapen
Ignacio Trujillo
8.1 Introduction
255(2)
8.2 The Challenges of Ultra-Deep Imaging
257(6)
8.2.1 Sky Brightness
257(1)
8.2.2 Internal Reflections
257(1)
8.2.3 Flat Fielding
258(1)
8.2.4 Masking and Background Subtraction
259(2)
8.2.5 Scattered Light
261(2)
8.2.6 Galactic Cirrus
263(1)
8.3 Approaches in Ultra-Deep Imaging
263(4)
8.3.1 Survey Data
263(1)
8.3.2 Small Telescopes
264(2)
8.3.3 Large Telescopes
266(1)
8.4 Disk and Stellar Halo Properties from Ultra-Deep Imaging
267(12)
8.4.1 Thick Disks
267(3)
8.4.2 Truncations
270(2)
8.4.3 Tidal Streams
272(1)
8.4.4 Stellar Haloes
273(4)
8.4.5 Satellites
277(2)
8.5 Conclusions and Future Developments
279(12)
References
281(10)
9 Outskirts of Distant Galaxies in Absorption
291(42)
Hsiao-Wen Chen
9.1 Introduction
291(4)
9.2 Tracking the Neutral Gas Reservoir over Cosmic Time
295(7)
9.3 Probing the Neutral Gas Phase in Galaxy Outskirts
302(3)
9.4 The Star Formation Relation in the Early Universe
305(4)
9.5 From Neutral ISM to the Ionized Circumgalactic Medium
309(8)
9.6 Summary
317(16)
References
318(15)
10 Future Prospects: Deep Imaging of Galaxy Outskirts Using Telescopes Large and Small
333(26)
Roberto Abraham
Pieter van Dokkum
Charlie Conroy
Allison Merritt
Jielai Zhang
Deborah Lokhorst
Shany Danieli
Lamiya Mowla
10.1 Motivation
334(1)
10.2 Why Is Low Surface Brightness Imaging Hard?
335(2)
10.3 Small Telescope Arrays as Better Imaging Mousetraps
337(3)
10.4 The Dragonfly Telephoto Array
340(3)
10.5 The Universe Below 30 mag/arcsec2
343(16)
10.5.1 Galactic Outskirts
343(6)
10.5.2 Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies
349(2)
10.5.3 Imaging the Cosmic Web: The Next Frontier?
351(2)
References
353(6)
Index 359
Prof. Johan Knapen is an astronomer at Instituto de Astrofsica de Canarias, Spain, where he has been Head of the Research Division from Feb. 2011-Mar. 2015. He is leading the successfull European Initial Training Network DAGAL (Detailed Anatomy of GaLaxies) an ambitious network formed of six research groups in Spain, Germany, Finland, France, and the Netherlands.

Janice C. Lee is an Associate Astronomer (Tenure-Track) Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, specialising in Extragalactic Astronomy

Armando Gil de Paz is an Assistant Professor of Astronomy at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, specialising in Extragalactic Astronomy.