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El. knyga: Saint Louis

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  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 15-Jan-2009
  • Leidėjas: University of Notre Dame Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780268085681
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 15-Jan-2009
  • Leidėjas: University of Notre Dame Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780268085681

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Canonized in 1297 as Saint Louis, King Louis IX of France (1214-1270) was the central figure of Christendom in the thirteenth century. He ruled when France was at the height of power; he commanded the largest army in Europe and controlled the wealthiest kingdom. Renowned for his patronage of the arts, Louis was equally famous for his choice to imitate the suffering Christ as a humbly attired, bearded penitent.

Armed with the considerable resources of the nouvel historien, Jacques Le Goff mines existing materials about Saint Louis to forge a new historical biography of the king. Part of his ambitious project is to reconstruct the mental universe of the thirteenth century: Le Goff describes the scholastic and intellectual background of Louis's reign and, most importantly, he discusses methodology and the interpretation of written sourcestheir composition, provenance, and reliability.

Le Goff divides his unconventional biography into three parts. In the first, he gives us the contours of Louis's life from birth to death in the usual context of family dynamics and genealogy, courtly and regional politics, and shifts in economic, social, and cultural life. In sifting through the historical accounts of the king's life, Le Goff determines that it is Louis IX's profound sense of moral and religious purposehis desire to become the ideal Christian rulerthat colors his every action from boyhood on; it is also, for Le Goff, what renders contemporary accounts problematic and what necessitates further scrutiny.

That dissection of sources occupies the second part. Le Goff's intention is to pare away the layers of homily and anecdote produced by the king's early biographers to discover the true St. Louis. Questioning whether St. Louis was merely the invention of his eulogists, Le Goff penetrates beyond the literary and hagiographical evidence to the human behind the legend. He brilliantly analyzes Louis's progression toward his unique self-creation and its subsequent mythologizing. In the third part, Le Goff highlights the contradictions within Louis and his historical image that previous chroniclers have elided and overlooked. In the end, he leaves us with the saint, rather than the king, with all the paradoxes embedded within that dual role.

A prolific medievalist of international renown, Jacques Le Goff (1924- ) is the former director of studies at the L'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris. Among his honors is the Dr. A. H. Heineken Prize for History, bestowed in 2004 by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences to Le Goff for "fundamentally changing our view of the Middle Ages." He was also among the recipients of the 2007 Dan David Prize in recognition of contributions to his discipline. of Louis' life from birth to death in the usual context of family dynamics and genealogy, courtly and regional politics, and shifts in economic, social, and cultural life. In sifting through the historical accounts of the king's life, Le Goff determines that it is Louis IX's profound sense of moral and religious purposehis desire to become the ideal Christian rulerthat colors his every action from boyhood on; it is also, for Le Goff, what renders contemporary accounts problematic and what necessitates further scrutiny. That dissection of sources occupies the second part. Le Goff's intention is to pare away the layers of homily and anecdote produced by the king's early biographers to discover the true Saint Louis. Questioning whether Saint Louis was merely the invention of his eulogists, Le Goff penetrates beyond the literary and hagiographical evidence to the human behind the legend. He brilliantly analyzes Louis' progress toward his unique self-creation and its subsequent mythologizing. In the third part, Le Goff highlights the contradictions within Louis and his historical image that previous chroniclers have elided or overlooked. In the end, he leaves us with the saint, rather than the king, with all the paradoxes embedded in that role.

Recenzijos

". . . what Le Goff has accomplished is more than what will undoubtedly be considered the definitive biography of St. Louis; he has established a standard against which other biographies will be measured. Saint Louis will be read and reread not only as a monograph (or perhaps three-in-one, a monographical trinity) but also as an indispensable reference book." The Historian

"Gareth Evan Gollrad's imposing . . . translation is an accurate and lucid rendition of Le Goff's original work, complete with genealogical charts and maps . . . Saint Louis is no mere biography, rather it is an exploration of the politics and society of thirteenth-century France, which shaped, and were shaped by, Louis IX, in life and in death." The Journal of the Ecclesiastical History

"The publication of Jacques Le Goff's massive study of the life of Saint Louis in 1996 . . . marks the clearest illustration of the marrying of annalist methodology to the traditional biographical genre. The solid translation of this work into English by Gareth Evan Gollrad provides an opportunity to consider again the strengths and limitations of annalist biography." American Historical Review

"Le Goff's Saint Louis is now and will serve for a long time as a valuable reference tool and source of inspiration for the study of Louis IX in English." The Medieval Review

"Historical revisionism has left the reputation of the saint king untarnished. And that is because he really was a man of extraordinary piety. He believed that the crown of France was given to him by God, who would hold him accountable for it. Le Goff's history of Louis, originally published in 1996 and now translated into English, is probably the most complete available." First Things

". . . Le Goff interweaves insightful and illuminating reflections on Louis' personality. This interweaving of person, structures and representation takes Le Goff beyond the established historiography of Louis IX . . . [ and] demonstrates how the historical biographer can legitimately evoke personality and psychology in a wider account of structures and discourses. . . it is a seminal text, and this welcome translation will render it available to a wider audience." English Historical Review

"Louis lives and walks through these pages. What Le Goff has given us is more than a biography; it is a work of literature. . . . Given the length of this book, many will be intimidated and will not take up its challenge. That is a pity, for Le Goff has much to offer here. There is no chapter that does not contain information and ideas that deserve to be discussed further." The Catholic Historical Review

"In a massive piece of scholarship, Le Goff, doyen of French medievalists, plays the sleuth whose work results in more contradictions than clarity in the search for an integration of the three personaeking, saint, and manof Louis IX (12141270). . . . Resolving to live with an inherently unstable and distorted historical figure hovering somewhere between memory, history, and legend, Le Goff thereby raises important questions about defining historical authenticity. Gollrad's translation nicely preserves the lively and intimate prose of the French original (1996)." Choice

"More than simply a biography of Louis IX of France, this magisterial work by a member of the Annales School of historiography is an examination of the historian's craft. . . . Le Goff argues convincingly that Louis, while still a medieval figure, was also one of the first moderns. He provides the scholarly apparatus lacking in Jean Richard's Saint Louis, the Crusading King of France . . . highly recommended for academic and larger public libraries." Library Journal

"Jacques Le Goff's brilliant biography, Saint Louis, came out in French in 1996, and is now published in a readable English translation. Its publication gives Anglophones a book to set beside W.C. Jordan's Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade (1979) and Jean Richard's Saint Louis (1983, translated in 1992). . . . Le Goff excels in his knowledge of the biographical sources, which he subjects to close analysis, against the backgroundLe Goff's home territoryof European mentalités." London Review of Books

". . . a warm and largely admiring portrait of a king in whom power and goodness do indeed form two sides of the same coin. . . . Le Goff's Louis is cheerful, ardent, devout, intelligent but unintellectual, skillful yet uncomplicated, a man in tune with his age but able to transcend at least some of its limitations. . . . [ T]his is a rich and generous book, crammed with a lifetime's learning." The New York Review of Books

Translator's Note xvi
Acknowledgments xviii
Introduction xx
PART I The Life of Saint Louis
From Birth to Marriage (1214-1234)
3(80)
The Child Heir
6(4)
The World around the Child King
10(1)
The Oriental Horizon: Byzantium, Islam, the Mongol Empire
11(8)
Christendom
19(1)
The Results of Expansion
20(3)
Religious Anxieties
23(7)
Political Organization: The Emergence of the Monarchical State
30(3)
France
33(2)
The Grandfather's Heritage
35(3)
The Brief Reign of the Father
38(5)
The Death of the Father
43(6)
A Plague on the Land Whose Ruler Is a Child
49(5)
The Coronation of the Child King
54(3)
A Difficult Minority
57(12)
The Affair of the University of Paris
69(4)
Louis and Emperor Frederick II
73(2)
Conflicts with the Bishops: The Beauvais Affair
75(2)
The Devout King: The Foundation of Royaumont
77(3)
The Devout King and the Loss of the Holy Nail
80(3)
From Marriage to the Crusade (1234-1248)
83(45)
The Marriage of Louis IX (1234)
84(7)
The ``Chivalry'' of Brothers. Joinville's Appearance
91(2)
The King as Father
93(1)
The King of Relics: The Crown of Thorns
94(5)
The Sainte-Chapelle
99(2)
An Lschatological King: The Mongol Apocalypse
101(1)
The Conquering King: The War against the English
102(7)
The King's Illness and His Vow to Crusade
109(5)
The King, the Pope, and the Emperor
114(4)
Saint Louis and the Mediterranean
118(5)
The Preparations for the Crusade
123(5)
The Crusade and the Stay in the Holy Land (1248-1254)
128(23)
The Crusade: Did It Embody the Thought of Louis' Reign?
128(1)
Saint Louis and the Orient
129(2)
From Paris to Aigues-Mortes
131(3)
The Voyage and the Campaign in Egypt
134(3)
The King Imprisoned
137(1)
The Distant King
138(1)
The Affair of the Shepherds
139(4)
Louis IX in the Holy Land
143(1)
The Crusade, Louis IX, and the West
144(6)
The Death of His Mother
150(1)
From One Crusade to the Next and Death (1254-1270)
151(76)
Fortunes at Sea
151(1)
The Meeting with Hugh of Digne
152(3)
The Return of a Grief-Stricken Crusader
155(2)
The Kingdom's Reformer
157(4)
The King's New Men
161(2)
Justice in the Cities
163(1)
The King as Investigator
164(1)
The King and the Investigations in Languedoc
165(2)
The King and the Towns
167(4)
Louis and Paris
171(5)
The Uncompromising Dispenser of Justice: Two Spectacular Cases
176(4)
New Measures for Purification: Against Ordeals and Usury, against Jews and Lombards
180(2)
The ``Good'' Money
182(5)
The Peacemaker
187(1)
The Flemish Inheritance
188(2)
Peace with Aragon: The Treaty of Corbeil (1258)
190(2)
The Franco-English Peace: The Treaty of Paris (1259)
192(7)
The ``Mise'' [ Judgment] of Amiens
199(2)
Louis IX and the Future of the Capetian Dynasty and the Royal Family
201(1)
Births and Deaths
202(2)
His Sister and Brothers
204(3)
Saint Louis and the Royal Bodies
207(14)
Louis IX Crusading for the Second Time
221(1)
Final Purifications before the Crusade
222(5)
Toward Sainthood: From Death to Canonization (1270-1297)
227(16)
The Tribulations of the Royal Body
227(2)
The Return to France
229(1)
Toward Canonization
230(4)
The History of the Relics
234(6)
PART II The Production of Royal Memory: Did Saint Louis Exist?
Introduction
240(3)
The King from the Official Documents
243(9)
The King of the Mendicant Hagiographers: A Saint King of Resurgent Christendom
252(14)
The Mendicant Orders
253(3)
Geoffroy de Beaulieu
256(2)
Guillaume de Chartres
258(2)
Guillaume de Saint-Pathus
260(6)
The King of Saint-Denis: A Dynastic and ``National'' Saint King
266(15)
Primat
268(1)
Guillaume de Nangis and the Life of Saint Louis
269(1)
Guillaume de Nangis's Universal Chronicle
270(6)
Guillaume de Saint-Pathus's Life of Saint Louis
276(5)
The King of the Exempla
281(22)
The Limited Testimony of the Exempla
283(10)
The Stories of the Minstrel of Reims
293(10)
Prefigurations of Saint Louis in the Old Testament
303(12)
David and Solomon
306(3)
Louis and Josiah
309(6)
The King of the Mirrors of the Princes
315(26)
Carolingian Mirrors
317(2)
John of Salisbury's Policraticus
319(1)
Mirrors of the Thirteenth Century
320(1)
The Eruditio Regum et Principum by Gilbert de Tournai
321(7)
The Coronation: A Mirror of the Prince
328(2)
The Enseignements for His Son and Daughter
330(11)
The King of the Foreign Chroniclers
341(25)
The English Benedictine, Matthew Paris
342(15)
Salimbene of Parma, an Italian Franciscan
357(9)
The King of Commonplace Ideas: Did Saint Louis Exist?
366(10)
The ``Real'' Louis IX of Joinville
376(23)
An Exceptional Witness
377(1)
A Credible Witness
378(3)
Biography or Autobiography?
381(2)
Joinville's Concrete Saint Louis
383(5)
The King Who Laughs
388(2)
The King's Flaws
390(6)
Joinville's Dream
396(3)
Saint Louis: Between the Model and the Individual
399(24)
History and the Individual
400(1)
Between the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries
401(4)
The ``Self,''
405(2)
The Case of Saint Louis
407(3)
Conscience
410(2)
A French-Speaking King
412(1)
The Portrait of the King
413(7)
PART III Saint Louis, the Unique and Ideal King
From the Outside to the Inside
420(3)
Saint Louis in Space and Time
423(38)
Saint Louis' World
423(1)
Saint Louis and Space
423(3)
Paris, His Capital
426(1)
Saint Louis' Residences and Itineraries
427(3)
The King of Ile-de-France
430(1)
Visiting the Kingdom
430(1)
Arrivals and Departures for the Crusade
431(1)
The Pilgrim King
432(3)
Saint Louis and the Sea
435(3)
The Orient for Saint Louis
438(1)
Saracens, Bedouins, and Assassins
439(5)
The Mongol Illusion
444(3)
The Marvelous and Imaginary Orient
447(3)
Saint Louis' Experiences of Time
450(1)
The Good Use of Time
450(2)
Circular and Liturgical Time
452(4)
Saint Louis and Historical Time
456(5)
Words and Images
461(19)
A King in Music
462(1)
Architecture: A Court Style?
463(3)
Lessons in Images
466(2)
Books of Images
468(4)
The King and His Intellectuals
472(3)
An Encyclopedist in the Service of the King: Vincent de Beauvais
475(3)
The New Solomon
478(2)
Words and Gestures: The Prud'homme
480(39)
The King's Speech
480(1)
Royal Speech
481(1)
Saint Louis Speaks
482(1)
Familiar Speech
483(2)
Instructive Speech
485(1)
The Government of Speech
486(1)
Words of Faith
487(2)
Last Words
489(1)
Well-Tempered Gestures
489(2)
Where Should We Look for Saint Louis' Gestures?
491(4)
A Saint King's Gestures
495(1)
The Apotheosis: The Gestures of Saintly Death
496(1)
Gestures of Religious Devotion
497(3)
Models and Personality
500(1)
The Prud'homme
501(2)
Saint Louis at the Table: Between Royal Conviviality and Dietary Humility
503(2)
Moderation
505(2)
Humility and Asceticism
507(5)
Joinville: Self-Control
512(2)
The King's Duties
514(3)
A Royal Model
517(2)
The King's Three Functions
519(28)
The Three Functions
519(1)
The Christian King, a King with Three Functions
520(1)
The First Function: The Sacred King as Dispenser of Peace and Justice
521(2)
Peace
523(4)
The Second Function: A Warrior King
527(1)
Saint Louis and the Third Function
528(4)
Saint Louis and the Economy
532(1)
Economy and Administration
533(3)
The King and His ``Good Towns,''
536(3)
Financing War and the Crusade
539(1)
Usury
539(2)
Currency
541(1)
Salvation and Necessity
542(5)
Saint Louis: Feudal King or Modern King?
547(26)
Feudalism and the Modern State
548(1)
On the Royal Use of the Feudal System
549(3)
The Great Alliance of the Altar and the Throne
552(2)
Local Government and Legislative Power
554(4)
Saint Louis and the Law
558(2)
A Feudal and Bourgeois Society
560(2)
Saint Louis Does Not Hunt
562(1)
The Royal System
563(2)
Limits of Royal Power
565(2)
Saint Louis on Display for His Subjects
567(2)
Was Saint Louis a Calculating King?
569(4)
Saint Louis and His Family
573(36)
His Father
573(1)
His Grandfather
574(2)
His Mother
576(8)
His Brothers and Sisters
584(9)
His Sister
593(1)
His Wife
594(5)
The Children
599(7)
His Household [ Mesnie] and Entourage
606(3)
Saint Louis' Religion
609(31)
The Cistercian Model and the Mendicant Model
610(4)
Saint Louis' Faith
614(3)
His Religious Knowledge
617(3)
Worship and Asceticism
620(2)
His Conscience
622(3)
Sacramental Practice
625(2)
Saint Louis and Prayer
627(7)
His Worship of the Saints
634(1)
Saint Louis' Devotional Obsessions
635(2)
His Religious Devotion on the Crusade
637(3)
Conflicts and Criticisms
640(37)
Saint Louis and the Church
640(3)
Saint Louis and the Heretics
643(3)
Saint Louis and the Muslims
646(4)
Saint Louis and the Jews
650(17)
Criticisms and Resistance
667(4)
Political Criticisms
671(4)
``You Are Only the King of the Friars,''
675(2)
Saint Louis, Sacred King, Thaumaturge, and Saint
677(26)
The Sacred Statuses of the King of France
678(1)
The Values of the Coronation
678(1)
The Royal Coronation
679(4)
The Coronation System
683(1)
Saint Louis' Sainthood
684(3)
A Secular Saint
687(3)
Saint Louis' Models of Sainthood
690(2)
Saint Louis' Miracles
692(8)
His Miracles and His Life
700(2)
The Relics
702(1)
The Last of the Saint Kings
702(1)
The Suffering King, the Christ King
703(22)
The Values of the Body
704(1)
A Case of Rape
705(2)
The Sick King
707(2)
The Patient King
709(2)
Voluntary Suffering: The Ascetic and Penitent King
711(1)
The Deaths of Family Members and Friends: Familial and Dynastic Pain
712(1)
The Pain Born from the Failure of the Crusade
713(1)
His Suffering as a Prisoner
714(2)
The Suffering of Tears Denied
716(1)
The Suffering of Others: The Works of Mercy
717(3)
The Leprosy of Sin
720(1)
The Model of the Crucified Christ
721(1)
Martyrdom: Agony and Death
722(3)
Conclusion 725(11)
Appendix 1 Saint Louis' ``Somatic Formula'' According to Dr Auguste Brachet (1894) 736(3)
Appendix 2 Louis IX's Letter to His Subjects from the Holy Land (1250) 739(8)
Chronology 747(5)
Genealogical Table 752(2)
Maps 754(8)
Notes 762(107)
List of Abridged Titles 869(1)
Bibliography 870(15)
Index 885
Gareth Evan Gollrad received his Ph.D. in French Literature from the University of Chicago. He has translated a number of literary, critical, and philosophical works from French into English.

Jacques Le Goff (1924) is the former director of studies at L'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris. He is the author and coauthor of a number of books, including History and Memory, Medieval Civilization 4001500, and Time, Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages.