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El. knyga: Sensory Evaluation Practices

(Dragonfly SCI, Inc., Santa Rosa, CA, USA), (President/Chief, Sensory Intelligence of Dragonfly SCI, Inc.), (Sensory Consulting Services, IFT Past President, Visiting Professor, Zhejiang Gongshang University)
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 18-Oct-2020
  • Leidėjas: Academic Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128153352
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  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 18-Oct-2020
  • Leidėjas: Academic Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128153352
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Sensory Evaluation Practices, Fifth Edition, presents the latest developments and methods of sensory evaluation, including those on the front end of innovation, consumer acceptance/preference, multivariate statistical analysis, discrimination testing, descriptive analysis, sensory claims substantiation for advertising, and information management. Additionally, related social psychological methods, such as laddering, design thinking, emotional profiling, and applications of qualitative and consumer co-creation and immersive techniques are explored. This book will be an ideal reference for sensory professionals, technical managers, product specialists and research directors in the food, beverage, cosmetics, and other consumer products industries of all sizes.

  • Emphasizes the importance of scientific sensory methodology used to measure and understand consumer perception
  • Illustrates the importance of planning, managing and communicating product sensory information in a way that is actionable to developers, marketers and legal counsel
  • Presents how sensory science is becoming more influential at the front end of innovation
  • Discusses measurement, the design of experiments, and how to understand key sensory drivers that most influence consumers
  • Explores the global nature of products and how companies can benefit by having fundamental training programs in sensory and consumer science
  • Contains demonstrated methods for test selection, application and measurement, and testing with the right consumer, including more typical usage environments
  • Includes worked examples for interpreting and displaying results
  • Features a new chapter on how to get your research published
Foreword ix
Preface xi
Chapter 1 Introduction to sensory evaluation
1(22)
1.1 Introduction and objective
1(6)
1.2 Historical background
7(5)
1.3 Development of sensory evaluation
12(2)
1.4 Defining sensory evaluation
14(3)
1.5 A physiological and psychological perspective
17(6)
Chapter 2 Organizing and operating a sensory science capability
23(56)
2.1 Introduction
23(3)
2.2 Organizing sensory resources
26(51)
2.2.1 Department goals and objectives
30(2)
2.2.2 Research program strategy
32(3)
2.2.3 Professional staff and their training
35(5)
2.2.4 Sensory facilities
40(16)
2.2.5 Test methods
56(1)
2.2.6 Subjects
57(3)
2.2.7 Subject screening procedures
60(6)
2.2.8 Performance monitoring and motivation
66(3)
2.2.9 Test requests and reporting
69(5)
2.2.10 Operations manual
74(1)
2.2.11 Planning and program design
74(1)
2.2.12 Practical guide to partnering with research vendors
75(2)
2.3 Conclusions
77(2)
Chapter 3 Measurement
79(38)
3.1 Introduction
79(2)
3.2 Components of measurement: scales
81(17)
3.2.1 Nominal scales
83(3)
3.2.2 Ordinal scales
86(8)
3.2.3 Interval scales
94(1)
3.2.4 Ratio scales
95(3)
3.3 Selected measurement techniques
98(17)
3.3.1 Threshold testing
98(1)
3.3.2 Hedonic scale
99(3)
3.3.3 Face scales
102(2)
3.3.4 Labeled affective magnitude scale
104(1)
3.3.5 Just-about-right scale
105(6)
3.3.6 Check-All-That-Apply
111(1)
3.3.7 Other scales of interest
112(3)
3.4 Conclusion
115(2)
Chapter 4 Test strategy and the design of experiments
117(54)
4.1 Introduction
117(3)
4.2 Test request and objective
120(1)
4.3 Product criteria
121(1)
4.4 Sources of variability
122(1)
4.5 Psychological errors
122(8)
4.5.1 Error of central tendency
123(1)
4.5.2 Time-order error
124(2)
4.5.3 Error of expectation
126(1)
4.5.4 Error of habituation and of anticipation
126(1)
4.5.5 Stimulus error
126(1)
4.5.6 Logical error and leniency error
127(1)
4.5.7 Halo effect
127(1)
4.5.8 Proximity error
127(1)
4.5.9 Contrast and convergence errors
128(2)
4.6 Statistical considerations
130(26)
4.6.1 Reliability and validity
132(2)
4.6.2 Replication
134(2)
4.6.3 Independence and dependence of judgments
136(1)
4.6.4 Selection of subjects
137(1)
4.6.5 Risk in the decision-making process: Type 1 and Type 2 errors
137(3)
4.6.6 Statistical measures
140(16)
4.7 Experimental design considerations
156(3)
4.8 Selected product designs
159(9)
4.9 Worked examples
168(3)
4.9.1 TXTXS example
168(1)
4.9.2 Product blocking example
169(2)
Chapter 5 Discrimination testing
171(64)
5.1 Introduction
171(4)
5.2 Methods
175(8)
5.2.1 Paired-comparison test
176(2)
5.2.2 Duo-trio test
178(2)
5.2.3 Triangle test
180(1)
5.2.4 Other test methods
181(2)
5.3 Components of testing
183(42)
5.3.1 Organization and test management
183(2)
5.3.2 Test requests
185(1)
5.3.3 Test objectives
186(1)
5.3.4 Test procedures
187(15)
5.3.5 Data analysis and interpretation
202(23)
5.3.6 The just-noticeable difference
225(1)
5.4 Special problems
225(8)
5.4.1 Is there preference after difference?
226(4)
5.4.2 Magnitude or degree of difference
230(1)
5.4.3 Equivalency and similarity testing
231(1)
5.4.4 Description of difference
231(2)
5.5 Summary
233(2)
Chapter 6 Descriptive analysis
235(62)
6.1 Introduction
235(13)
6.2 Test methods
248(43)
6.2.1 Flavor profile
249(1)
6.2.2 Texture profile
250(3)
6.2.3 Quantitative descriptive analysis
253(28)
6.2.4 Spectrum descriptive analysis
281(1)
6.2.5 Free-choice profiling
282(1)
6.2.6 Other methods
283(5)
6.2.7 Experts and expert panels
288(3)
6.3 Applications for descriptive analysis
291(3)
6.4 Conclusions
294(3)
Chapter 7 Affective testing
297(40)
7.1 Introduction
297(5)
7.2 Methods
302(9)
7.2.1 Paired comparison
303(3)
7.2.2 Hedonic scaling
306(2)
7.2.3 Other affective scales and methods
308(3)
7.3 Subjects
311(3)
7.4 Types and locations of acceptance testing
314(16)
7.4.1 Laboratory testing
315(2)
7.4.2 Central location testing
317(2)
7.4.3 Special types of central location tests
319(1)
7.4.4 Testing with context--outside the booth
320(2)
7.4.5 In-home-use tests
322(6)
7.4.6 Other types of acceptance tests
328(2)
7.5 Special issues
330(6)
7.5.1 Sensory science versus marketing research/consumer insights
330(1)
7.5.2 The difference-preference test
331(1)
7.5.3 The curse of/V
331(2)
7.5.4 The scorecard as a short story
333(1)
7.5.5 The many ways to ask the preference question
334(2)
7.5.6 What question do I ask first?
336(1)
7.6 Conclusions
336(1)
Chapter 8 Strategic applications
337(80)
8.1 Introduction
337(3)
8.2 Front end of product innovation
340(7)
8.2.1 Concept generation
342(5)
8.3 Product improvement and new product development
347(13)
8.4 Product optimization--creating best in class products
360(12)
8.5 Sensory, physical, and chemical relationships
372(7)
8.6 Stability testing--establishing shelf life
379(8)
8.7 Quality control
387(7)
8.8 Sensory specifications
394(10)
8.8.1 Guidelines for developing a QC sensory testing system
401(3)
8.9 Marketplace audits
404(2)
8.10 Extended use testing
406(2)
8.11 Sensory claims for advertising and legal disputes
408(6)
8.12 Conclusion
414(3)
Chapter 9 Epilogue
417(14)
9.1 Introduction
417(4)
9.2 Educating the sensory professional
421(7)
9.3 Professional ethics
428(2)
9.4 The future
430(1)
Bibliography 431(26)
Index 457
Herbert Stone, Ph.D. is Senior Advisor & Co-Founder of Tragon Corporation where he served as President from 1974-2008. A former Director of Stanford Research Institutes (SRI) Food & Agricultural Sciences Department, Dr. Stone was President of the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) from 2004-2005. With a Ph.D. from U.C. Davis, he has lectured worldwide, is the author of over 150 publications, and holds six patents. Dr. Stone founded Tragon® in 1974 with Joel L. Sidel. Dr. Stone serves as the Scientific Editor for the Sensory and Quality Section of the Journal of Food Science. He also serves on the Univ. of Massachusetts and UC Davis advisory boards and also serves as Adjunct Professor, Fuzhou University and Visiting Professor, Southern Yangtze University. He chairs the Sensory Science Scholarship Fund. He is the 2010 recipient of the ASTM E18 Peryam Award for contributions to the science of sensory evaluation. Rebecca N. Bleibaum, M.A., is President/Chief, Sensory Intelligence of Dragonfly SCI, Inc. a sensory and consumer insights research company in the San Francisco Bay Area, specializing in product testing and professional education. Bleibaum has over 25 years of experience in applied research from Tragon Corporation as their Chief Sensory Officer. She is co-developer and instructor of UC Davis Extensions popular and long running Applied Sensory & Consumer Science”. In 2016, she was awarded the prestigious UC Davis Extension Outstanding Service Award for her contributions and dedication to the University's continuing education program. (www.dragonflysci.net)

Bleibaum is co-author of Sensory Evaluation Practices, Fourth Edition (2012), A Practical Guide to Comparative Advertising: Dare-to-Compare (est. 2018), previous Chair of ASTM International, Committee E-18 on Sensory Evaluation, has received five ASTM awards for contributions and the Award of Merit, has spoken at numerous professional events, and had given hundreds of impactful client presentations over the years in wine, beer, and a wide variety of FMCG products. Bleibaums goal is to teach the fundamentals of sensory and consumer science to entrepreneurial spirited teams to help them become more successful in the marketplace. Heather A. Thomas is Chief, Data & Analytics, as a partner in Dragonfly SCI, Inc. Thomas received her B.S. in Food Science from U.C. Davis. She is co-author, with Stone and Sidel, of Hitting the Target: Sensory and Product Optimization.Thomas was a key member of Tragon Corporation from 1989 to 2017. As their Vice President of Research and Analysis, she played an integral part in the development of product optimization methods, segmentation analyses, and advanced multivariate analysis and modeling techniques. Her extensive experience with experimental design and choice-based modeling has helped guide multinational companies to create products that appeal to consumers. As the developer of the Key Drivers MaximizerTM, she has created an operational predictive tool that integrates sensory, consumer, and instrumental measurements to guide product development and marketing groups.

Thomas has over 25 years of experience training QDA panels, analyzing their performance, and interpreting the results. Her training and support had been under the guidance of the founders of the original QDA method, Herbert Stone and Joel L. Sidel. As part of empowering the sensory industry, she regularly travels around the world, teaching sensory scientists the power of trained panel data and panel performance measures.

Thomas received her B.S. in Food Science from U.C. Davis where she focused her education in Sensory Science under Rosemary Pangborn. She is co-author, with Stone and Sidel, of Hitting the Target: Sensory and Product Optimization, a seminal article on sensory and consumer-based product optimization techniques.