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El. knyga: Sentencing and Punishment

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(Emeritus Professor, Brunel University London), (Emeritus Professor of Law, Brunel University London)
  • Formatas: 592 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 01-Dec-2022
  • Leidėjas: Oxford University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780192678034
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Sentencing and PunishmentDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 592 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 01-Dec-2022
  • Leidėjas: Oxford University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780192678034
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Examining the theory behind the headlines and engaging with current debates, this new edition provides thoughtful, impartial, and unbiased coverage of sentencing and punishment in the UK. Collectively, Susan Easton and Christine Piper are highly experienced teachers and researchers in this field, making them perfectly placed to deliver this lively account of a highly dynamic subject area.

The book takes a thorough and systematic approach to sentencing and punishment, examining key topics from legal, philosophical, and practical perspectives. Offering in-depth and detailed coverage, while remaining clear and succinct, the authors deliver a balanced approach to the subject. Chapter summaries, discussion questions, and case studies help students to engage with the subject, apply their knowledge, and reflect upon debates.

Fully reworked and restructured, this fifth edition has been updated to include developments such as the Sentencing Act 2020 and changes following the 2019 general election. This is the essential guide for anyone studying sentencing and punishment as part of a law or criminology course.
Preface xv
New to this edition xvii
Glossary xix
Table of Statutes
xxiii
Table of Cases
xxv
Table of European Legislation
xxxi
Table of International Treaties and Conventions
xxxiii
Part A Principles, Policies, and Problems
1 Developing penal policy
3(38)
1.1 Key issues
3(7)
1.1.1 Our approach
3(1)
1.1.2 What is punishment?
4(1)
1.1.3 Understanding penal policy
5(1)
1.1.4 Equality, fairness, and justice
6(2)
1.1.5 Human rights
8(2)
1.2 Key influences
10(14)
1.2.1 Political imperatives
11(3)
1.2.2 The costs of punishment
14(2)
1.2.3 Public opinion and the role of the media
16(5)
1.2.4 Policy effects: Prison Expansion
21(3)
1.3 The influence of theory on penal law and practice
24(3)
1.3.1 Principles from criminology and penology
24(2)
1.3.2 Classical theories of punishment
26(1)
1.3.3 The influence of `just deserts'
27(1)
1.4 Sentencing and punishment: The Penal Policy Context
27(8)
1.4.1 Policy trends
27(2)
1.4.2 Policy documents 2000-2009
29(1)
1.4.3 Policy documents 2010-2019
30(3)
1.4.4 Policy documents 2020-2022
33(2)
1.5 Conclusion: Reflecting on the Issues
35(6)
1.5.1 A more complex criminal justice system
35(1)
1.5.2 The management of sex offenders: An Example of Policy Formation
36(3)
1.5.3 Case study: JD
39(1)
1.5.4 Questions for discussion
40(1)
2 Structuring sentencing
41(32)
2.1 Justice and discretion
41(6)
2.1.1 The concept of `fairness'
41(2)
2.1.2 Discretion as `bad'
43(2)
2.1.3 Discretion can be `good'
45(1)
2.1.4 Sentencing choices: Contradictory Trends
46(1)
2.2 Constraining the sentencer
47(5)
2.2.1 The availability and use of penalties
47(1)
2.2.2 Financial and organisational factors
48(2)
2.2.3 The policy context for new constraints
50(1)
2.2.4 Imposing hurdles
50(1)
2.2.5 Using mandatory sentences
51(1)
2.2.6 Guidelinejudgments
52(1)
2.3 The development of guidelines
52(3)
2.3.1 The Sentencing Advisory Panel
53(1)
2.3.2 The Sentencing Guidelines Council
53(1)
2.3.3 The Sentencing Council
53(2)
2.4 Retributivist rationales
55(4)
2.4.1 The concept of the individual and the state
55(1)
2.4.2 Kantian retributivism
56(1)
2.4.3 Hegel: The `right' to punishment
57(1)
2.4.4 Punishment as the annulment of crime
58(1)
2.5 Questions raised by the classical retributivist model
59(2)
2.5.1 Just punishment or injustice?
59(1)
2.5.2 Equivalence and proportionality
59(2)
2.6 Modern retributivism
61(5)
2.6.1 The revival of desert theory
61(1)
2.6.2 The `why' of punishment: Censure
61(1)
2.6.3 The mode of punishment: Respect for human dignity
62(1)
2.6.4 Theamountof punishment: Ordinal proportionality
63(1)
2.6.5 Cardinal proportionality and reductionist penal policies
64(1)
2.6.6 Policy implications
64(2)
2.7 Rights as a constraint on sentencing
66(5)
2.7.1 Rights theory
66(1)
2.7.2 The death penalty in the United States-a case study
66(5)
2.8 Reflecting on the issues
71(2)
2.8.1 Questions for discussion
71(1)
2.8.2 Case study
72(1)
3 Determining `just deserts'
73(40)
3.1 A retributivist sentencing framework?
73(6)
3.1.1 A retreat from retribution?
73(1)
3.1.2 The Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003
74(2)
3.1.3 The development of the sentencing framework
76(1)
3.1.4 A focus on custodial sentences
77(2)
3.2 Calculating seriousness
79(17)
3.2.1 The approach of the guidelines
79(4)
3.2.2 Culpability and harm
83(3)
3.2.3 Aggravation of seriousness
86(6)
3.2.4 Persistence as the problem
92(3)
3.2.5 Mitigation of seriousness
95(1)
3.3 Establishing proportionality
96(8)
3.3.1 The seriousness thresholds
96(1)
3.3.2 Mitigation relating to the offender
97(3)
3.3.3 Discount for a guilty plea
100(4)
3.3.4 Not a mathematical exercise?
104(1)
3.4 Critiques of modern retributivism
104(7)
3.4.1 The limits of just deserts
104(3)
3.4.2 Radical critiques of retributivism
107(2)
3.4.3 Modern Marxian critiques
109(2)
3.5 Reflecting on the issues
111(2)
3.5.1 Case study
111(1)
3.5.2 The importance of seriousness: Question for discussion
112(1)
4 Utility and deterrence
113(30)
4.1 A focus on outcome
113(5)
4.1.1 Recent trends
113(2)
4.1.2 Deterrence as a sentencing aim
115(2)
4.1.3 Utilitarianism: Good or bad?
117(1)
4.2 Utilitarian justifications
118(5)
4.2.1 Classical principles
118(1)
4.2.2 Bentham's approach
118(1)
4.2.3 Frugality in punishment
119(2)
4.2.4 Contemporary utilitarianism
121(2)
4.2.5 Collateral issues
123(1)
4.3 Deterrence
123(13)
4.3.1 Key concepts
123(1)
4.3.2 The certainty of punishment
124(3)
4.3.3 The severity and celerity of punishment
127(2)
4.3.4 The mode of punishment
129(1)
4.3.5 The type of offender
129(2)
4.3.6 Methodological problems in proving deterrence: Interpreting the evidence
131(2)
4.3.7 The death penalty
133(3)
4.4 Problems with the theory and practice of utilitarianism
136(5)
4.4.1 Does deterrence work?
136(2)
4.4.2 Theoretical difficulties
138(3)
4.4.3 Rights versus utility
141(1)
4.5 Reflecting on the issues
141(2)
4.5.1 Alternative approaches
141(1)
4.5.2 Discussion questions
142(1)
4.5.3 Case study
142(1)
5 Risk and danger
143(36)
5.1 Managing criminality
143(4)
5.1.1 Incapacitation and control
143(1)
5.1.2 Notions of risk
144(2)
5.1.3 The dangerous offender
146(1)
5.2 Incapacitation and public protection
147(10)
5.2.1 Assessing the utilitarian justification
147(3)
5.2.2 Selective and categorial incapacitation
150(3)
5.2.3 Mass imprisonment in the United States
153(4)
5.3 Old and new ways of sentencing the `dangerous' offender
157(6)
5.3.1 The history of protective sentencing
157(2)
5.3.2 An attempt to use an additional custodial element
159(1)
5.3.3 Mandatory (minimum) sentences
159(1)
5.3.4 The history of indeterminate (life) sentences
160(2)
5.3.5 Extended (determinate) sentences
162(1)
5.4 The current sentencing options
163(8)
5.4.1 The approach of the protective sentencing framework
163(1)
5.4.2 A new hybrid sentence for'offenders of particular concern'
164(1)
5.4.3 Discretionary life sentences
165(1)
5.4.4 Assessing dangerousness
166(2)
5.4.5 Controlling the dangerous mentally disordered offender
168(3)
5.5 Post-custody and other provisions
171(6)
5.5.1 Prevention orders
171(2)
5.5.2 The justifications for early release
173(1)
5.5.3 Discretionary release
174(3)
5.6 Reflecting on the issues
177(2)
5.6.1 Critique of current policy
177(1)
5.6.2 Discussion questions
177(1)
5.6.3 Case study
177(2)
6 Instead of punishment? Restorative justice, child welfare, and medical treatment
179(41)
6.1 Alternatives to a focus on punishment
179(2)
6.1.1 For specified groups of offenders
179(1)
6.1.2 A different approach?
180(1)
6.2 Restorative justice
181(11)
6.2.1 Theorising restorative justice
181(3)
6.2.2 Earlier mediation and reparation schemes
184(1)
6.2.3 Restorative justice for young offenders
185(3)
6.2.4 How important is restorative justice in current policy and practice?
188(2)
6.2.5 Tensions in policy, theory, and practice
190(2)
6.3 The welfare of the child
192(19)
6.3.1 A different approach for children
192(2)
6.3.2 Offending by minors: Who and why?
194(5)
6.3.3 Ideas about children who offend
199(2)
6.3.4 Welfare principles
201(1)
6.3.5 Principles from the UNCRC
202(4)
6.3.6 Diversion from prosecution: The OOCD framework
206(5)
6.4 The treatment of mentally disordered offenders
211(7)
6.4.1 The extent of the problem
211(3)
6.4.2 A policy of diversion
214(1)
6.4.3 Treatment under the Mental Health Act 1983
214(2)
6.4.4 Penal disposals and sentencing guidelines
216(2)
6.5 Reflecting on the issues
218(2)
6.5.1 Thinking about restorative justice: What `is' reparation?
218(1)
6.5.2 Thinking about approaches to children and young people who offend
218(1)
6.5.3 Thinking about outcomes for the mentally disordered offender
219(1)
7 Impact on victims and offenders
220(43)
7.1 An increased focus on the victim
220(6)
7.1.1 Influences on policy
220(1)
7.1.2 What role for victims?
221(2)
7.1.3 The victim personal statement scheme (VPSS)
223(3)
7.2 Reducing the impact on the victim
226(9)
7.2.1 The policy context for compensation and confiscation
226(1)
7.2.2 The `fruits of crime': Restitution, forfeiture, and confiscation
227(2)
7.2.3 Compensation to the victim
229(4)
7.2.4 Victim surcharge
233(2)
7.3 Punishment impact on the offender
235(5)
7.3.1 Personal mitigation as a sentencing factor
235(2)
7.3.2 `Equalising' impact
237(2)
7.3.3 Arguments against impact mitigation
239(1)
7.4 Impact as mitigation in practice
240(10)
7.4.1 The approach of the courts
240(1)
7.4.2 The offender: Vulnerability and age
241(4)
7.4.3 Illness and disability as mitigation
245(1)
7.4.4 Loss of employment
246(1)
7.4.5 Impact on the offender and offender's family
247(3)
7.5 The impact of fines
250(8)
7.5.1 Fines as punishment
250(2)
7.5.2 Units of financial deprivation
252(1)
7.5.3 Changes in thinking
253(1)
7.5.4 Default and enforcement
254(3)
7.5.5 Fixed and regulatory penalties
257(1)
7.6 Reflecting on the issues
258(5)
7.6.1 Conflating the categories
258(1)
7.6.2 Discussion questions
259(1)
7.6.3 Case study: Impact on the offender
259(4)
Part B Punishing Offenders
8 Justice in the modern prison
263(46)
8.1 Introduction
263(3)
8.1.1 Justice behind prison doors
263(1)
8.1.2 The aims of imprisonment
264(1)
8.1.3 Performance testing, competition, and benchmarking
265(1)
8.2 The prison population
266(7)
8.2.1 The composition of the prison population
266(2)
8.2.2 Prison expansion
268(1)
8.2.3 The prison estate
269(1)
8.2.4 The categorisation and allocation of prisoners
270(3)
8.3 Prison conditions
273(11)
8.3.1 Overview
273(1)
8.3.2 Overcrowding
274(1)
8.3.3 Work, training, and offending behaviour programmes
275(3)
8.3.4 Education
278(3)
8.3.5 The impact of the pandemic
281(3)
8.4 Prison unrest
284(10)
8.4.1 Prison riots
284(8)
8.4.2 Suicide and self-harm
292(1)
8.4.3 Health care in prison
293(1)
8.5 Prison privatisation
294(3)
8.5.1 The privatisation debate
294(2)
8.5.2 The experience of privatisation
296(1)
8.6 Challenging prison conditions
297(10)
8.6.1 Human rights, fairness, andjustice
298(1)
8.6.2 Rights Conventions
299(3)
8.6.3 The Human Rights Act 1998
302(1)
8.6.4 Prisoners and the right to vote
303(4)
8.7 Reflecting on the issues
307(2)
8.7.1 Discussion questions
308(1)
8.7.2 Case study
308(1)
9 Experiencing imprisonment
309(48)
9.1 Equality, discrimination, and human rights
309(2)
9.1.1 UK equality law
309(1)
9.1.2 The European Convention on Human Rights
310(1)
9.2 Women in prison
311(3)
9.2.1 The female prison population
311(2)
9.2.2 The typical female prisoner
313(1)
9.3 Life in women's prisons
314(3)
9.3.1 The research base
314(2)
9.3.2 The women's prison estate
316(1)
9.3.3 Female prisoners and male penal policies
316(1)
9.4 Female prisoners and the pains of imprisonment
317(7)
9.4.1 Women as carers
317(2)
9.4.2 Privacy and prison conditions
319(1)
9.4.3 Expectations of women's behaviour
320(1)
9.4.4 Women's health needs
320(3)
9.4.5 Constructive regimes for women
323(1)
9.5 Treating female prisoners differently
324(4)
9.5.1 The introduction of gender-specific policies
324(1)
9.5.2 Government policies on female offenders
325(3)
9.5.3 Meeting the aims of women's imprisonment
328(1)
9.6 Black and ethnic minority prisoners
328(2)
9.7 The experience of imprisonment
330(12)
9.7.1 Less favourable treatment?
330(1)
9.7.2 Work, training, and discipline
331(1)
9.7.3 Racial harassment and discrimination
332(2)
9.7.4 Parallel Worlds
334(2)
9.7.5 Deaths in custody
336(1)
9.7.6 The Report of the Mubarek Inquiry
337(1)
9.7.7 BAME female prisoners
338(3)
9.7.8 Foreign national prisoners
341(1)
9.8 A generic approach to equality
342(14)
9.8.1 Focusing on diversity
343(1)
9.8.2 Religious minorities
343(2)
9.8.3 TACT prisoners
345(2)
9.8.4 Sexual orientation
347(1)
9.8.5 Transgender prisoners
348(2)
9.8.6 Prisoners with disabilities
350(3)
9.8.7 Older prisoners
353(3)
9.9 Reflecting on the issues
356(1)
9.9.1 Case study
356(1)
9.9.2 Discussion questions
356(1)
10 Punishmentand rehabilitation in the community
357(41)
10.1 Introduction
357(4)
10.1.1 `Community'
357(2)
10.1.2 Is prison the only `real' punishment?
359(2)
10.2 Delivering rehabilitation
361(6)
10.2.1 A long history of concern?
361(2)
10.2.2 The move towards privatisation
363(1)
10.2.3 Why did the government set up CRCs?
364(1)
10.2.4 Why was the National Probation Service're-united'?
365(2)
10.3 Community orders
367(6)
10.3.1 Policy issues
367(1)
10.3.2 The development of community penalties
368(1)
10.3.3 The Sentencing Code: Seriousness and liberty
369(1)
10.3.4 Choosing the community punishment
369(2)
10.3.5 Enforcement and compliance
371(1)
10.3.6 An alternative to prison?
372(1)
10.4 Supervision and custodial penalties
373(5)
10.4.1 The suspended sentence order
373(1)
10.4.2 Supervision in the community on release from prison
374(3)
10.4.3 Enhanced Through the Gate programmes
377(1)
10.5 Rehabilitation: Old and new
378(16)
10.5.1 Introduction
378(2)
10.5.2 Does rehabilitation' work?
380(5)
10.5.3 A rights critique of rehabilitation
385(1)
10.5.4 Modern rehabilitationism
386(6)
10.5.5 The `resurgence' of rehabilitation
392(2)
10.6 Reflecting on the issues
394(4)
10.6.1 Justice in community punishment
394(1)
10.6.2 Rehabilitation or better risk management?
395(1)
10.6.3 Discussion questions
396(1)
10.6.4 Dangerous dogs case study
397(1)
11 Court orders for young offenders
398(41)
11.1 Using the civil justice system
398(7)
11.1.1 The policy contexts
398(2)
11.1.2 The earlier civil orders
400(2)
11.1.3 Criminal behaviour orders and injunctions
402(2)
11.1.4 Community Remedy
404(1)
11.2 Sentencing options
405(7)
11.2.1 The Youth Justice System
405(1)
11.2.2 The range and use of orders
405(3)
11.2.3 Sentencing guideline
408(2)
11.2.4 Assessment and information
410(2)
11.3 Non-custodial orders
412(4)
11.3.1 Introduction
412(1)
11.3.2 Referral orders
412(2)
11.3.3 First tier orders
414(1)
11.3.4 Youth rehabilitation orders
415(1)
11.4 Detention
416(15)
11.4.1 The range, use, and site of custodial sentences
416(3)
11.4.2 Determinate sentences
419(3)
11.4.3 Indeterminate sentences
422(1)
11.4.4 Conditions in detention
423(4)
11.4.5 Equality issues
427(4)
11.5 The role of rights for young offenders
431(4)
11.5.1 Cases
431(1)
11.5.2 Conventions
432(3)
11.5.3 The utility of rights
435(1)
11.6 Reflecting on the issues
435(4)
11.6.1 What is justice for juveniles?
435(2)
11.6.2 Case study
437(1)
11.6.3 Discussion questions
438(1)
12 Concluding remarks
439(10)
12.1 Positive developments
439(1)
12.2 Negative developments
440(2)
12.3 Covid-19
442(1)
12.4 Arguments for abolition: The limits of reform
443(1)
12.5 In defence of rights discourse
444(1)
12.6 Problem-solving courts
445(1)
12.7 What needs to be done
446(3)
Bibliography 449(90)
Index 539
Susan Easton is Emeritus Professor of Law at Brunel Law School, a barrister, and founding editor of the International Journal of Discrimination and the Law. She has previously lectured at both the University of Sussex and the University of Sheffield, as well as tutoring in UK prisons. She has a particular research interest in prisoners' rights and the experience of imprisonment.

Christine Piper is a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences, Emeritus Professor of Law at Brunel Law School, and a member of the editorial board of Child and Family Law Quarterly. She has taught in secondary schools in both Nigeria and the UK and is interested in youth justice and sentencing and child and family law.
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