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El. knyga: Tangle of Science: Reliability Beyond Method, Rigour, and Objectivity

4.00/5 (28 ratings by Goodreads)
(Professor of Philosophy, Durham University), (PhD candidate, University of California, San Diego), (Associate Professor, University Ca' Foscari Venice), (Research Associate, CPNSS London School of Economics), (PhD candidate, Universit)
  • Formatas: 256 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 24-Nov-2022
  • Leidėjas: Oxford University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780192636140
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Tangle of Science: Reliability Beyond Method, Rigour, and ObjectivityDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 256 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 24-Nov-2022
  • Leidėjas: Oxford University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780192636140
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Science is remarkably reliable. It puts people on the moon, performs laser eye surgery, tells us about ancient civilizations and species, and predicts the future of our climate. What underwrites this reliability? This book argues that the standard answers--the scientific method, rigour, and objectivity--are insufficient for the job.

Here we propose a new model of science which places its products front and centre. In The Tangle of Science we show how any reliable piece of science is underpinned by a vast, diverse, and thick network of other scientific products. In doing so we bring back into focus areas of science that have been long neglected, emphasizing how every product, from the screws that hold the space shuttle together, to ways of measuring the consumer price index, to Einstein's theory of general relativity, work together to support results we can trust.

Recenzijos

Nancy Cartwright and her colleagues steer us from the norms of scientific method to the variety of productsand of evidencethat make the tangle of science reliable. I was struck by the scope of the enterprise and the broad applicability of its findings: from a discussion of continuum and particulate models of flow, to explanations for why democracies don't fight one another or public health interventions fail. Lively and engaging, this book will be of interest not only to philosophers, but to both consumers and producers of science, and among both the natural and social science tribes. * Stephan Haggard, University of California San Diego * In the late 20th century, academics debunked the myth that science was reliable by virtue of its use of a singular method"the scientific method" or because scientists were preternaturally objective and rigorous. But if there is no scientific method, and scientists are fallible humans like the rest of us, then what makes science reliable? In this important book, Nancy Cartwright and her colleagues argue the answer is the ways in which the various practices and products of sciencetheories, methods, experiments, instruments, classification schemes, habits of data collection, forms of analysis, measuring techniques and morework together and become mutually constitutive and supportive. Scientific knowledge, they argue, is a product of the interplay of all the ingredients that go into it. A must-read for anyone who cares about how science really works. * Naomi Oreskes, Harvard University * Drawing upon a wealth of examples from past and present science, from the physics of temperature to the archaeology of the Dead Sea scrolls, The Tangle of Science makes a strong case that we should replace truth by reliability as the ultimate goal of scientific inquiry. Clearly written and boldly argued, this is a book for everyone who wants to know why we should trust scienceand which science to trust. * Lorraine Daston, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin * The Tangle of Science stands front and center of the wave of exciting new work on the nature of science that puts aside a fixation with narrowly epistemological notions such as confirmation and objectivity to examine without philosophical preconceptions, and in a way that embraces the non-cognitive, technological, and social dimensions of science, how scientists succeed at getting to grips with the world. Its picture of science is refreshing, provocative, and I think largely correct. * Michael Strevens, New York University *

Acknowledgements ix
List of Figures
xi
Introduction 1(16)
PART I THE USUAL SUSPECTS
1 Scientific Method
17(34)
1.1 Where's the Bite in the Scientific Method?
18(7)
1.2 Dealing with Objection (1): What's Really There in the Empty Half?
25(6)
1.3 Dealing with Objection (2): Privilege Is Pernicious
31(2)
1.4 Dealing with Objection (3): From Truth to Reliability
33(4)
1.5 In Defence of Reliability
37(13)
1.6 Returning to Scientific Method
50(1)
2 Rigour
51(32)
2.1 Setting the Agenda
52(1)
2.2 What Can You Do with Rigour?
53(8)
2.3 A Primer on RCTs
61(4)
2.3.1 The Proof
64(1)
2.4 Rigour and the RCT
65(7)
2.5 Getting Beyond the Study Population
72(3)
2.6 Tackling the Job of Prediction Directly
75(6)
2.7 Final Remarks
81(2)
3 Objectivity
83(48)
3.1 Our Argument at a Glance
86(1)
3.2 What Is Objectivity?
87(13)
3.2.1 Objectivity: A Praise Word for Science and Beyond
87(6)
3.2.2 Various Attempts to Capture the Meaning
93(5)
3.2.3 Reflecting on Context
98(2)
3.3 Saving Objectivity: Preliminary Steps
100(14)
3.3.1 What Is the Threat?
100(3)
3.3.2 What Kind of Concept Are We Dealing With?
103(3)
3.3.3 Some Standard Reasons Not to Discard Ballung Concepts
106(1)
3.3.4 Objectivity As We Know It: World-Guided and Action-Guiding
107(3)
3.3.5 Objectivity, Subjectivity, and Value Neutrality
110(4)
3.4 Objectivity to Be Found
114(12)
3.4.1 What Is `Context'? How Does It Relate to Objectivity?
114(5)
3.4.2 Objectivity in Context: The Vajont Dam Disaster
119(7)
3.5 Final Remarks
126(5)
PART II THE TANGLE OF SCIENCE
4 The Tangle
131(48)
4.1 In Defence of the Tangle: From Truth and Confirmation to the Tangle
132(11)
4.1.1 HD: Number and Stretch of Ingredients Needed
135(6)
4.1.2 Probabilistic Theories
141(1)
4.1.3 In Sum
142(1)
4.2 In Defence of the Tangle: What's Happened When Things Have Gone Wrong?
143(2)
4.3 In Defence of the Tangle: Constraints Make It Hard to Misstep
145(11)
4.4 The `Virtuous' Tangle: Three General Features
156(9)
4.5 What's in a Tangle?
165(8)
4.6 What's So Good About a Virtuous Tangle?
173(6)
5 Illustrating the Tangle: Episodes from the History of Science
179(15)
5.1 Boiling Point(s)
181(7)
5.2 The Making of an Antibiotic
188(6)
6 The Tangled Principle of the Democratic Peace
194(26)
6.1 Introducing the Democratic Peace and Our Claims About It
198(3)
6.2 Theories of the Democratic Peace
201(4)
6.2.1 Kant's Perpetual Peace [ Monadic-Normative]
202(1)
6.2.2 Social Constructivism [ Dyadic-Normative]
203(1)
6.2.3 Increased Signalling Theory [ Monadic-Structural]
204(1)
6.2.4 Democratic Commitment [ Dyadic-Structural]
204(1)
6.3 Defining Democracy and War: Fuzzy and Precise Boundaries
205(7)
6.3.1 Divergent Definitions and Measures of Democracy
205(2)
6.3.2 Divergence Constraints: Making `Democracy' Precise
207(1)
6.3.3 Convergence Constraints: How Uncontroversial Examples Constrain the Tangle
208(2)
6.3.4 Inter-Theory Criticism, Fringe Cases, and Constraining the Tangle
210(2)
6.4 The Reliability of the Democratic Peace by Anybody's Book
212(4)
6.5 Overdetermination and the Ceteris Paribus Nature of Democratic Peace Principle Theories
216(4)
A Cautionary Lesson: The Study of Gravitational Waves
220(15)
A.1 How LIGO Detects Gravitational Waves
221(2)
A.2 High Tangles
223(4)
A.3 Low Tangles
227(2)
A.4 Conflicting Explanations of What Was Observed at LIGO
229(1)
A.5 Reliability, Conflict, and Our Final Caution
230(2)
A.6 Parting Thoughts
232(3)
References 235(10)
Index 245
Nancy Cartwright is a philosopher of science focusing on evidence, objectivity, modelling, and causation. The first half of her career at Stanford she worked in philosophy of physics; in the second half, at LSE, Durham and UCSD, on philosophy of the social and economic sciences and the philosophy of social technology, with recent attention to evidence-based policy. She is a fellow of the British Academy and the (UK) Academy of Social Science, a member of the German Academy of Science (Leopoldina) and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a recipient of the Hempel Award and a MacArthur Fellowship.

Jeremy Hardie was a Fellow and Tutor in Economics at Keble College, Oxford, from 1968 to 1975. After that he worked as a businessman and a public servant for many years. He returned to academia in 1998, and is currently a Research Associate at the Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science at the London School of Economics.

Eleonora Montuschi is a philosopher of science with a particular interest in the social sciences. She works on objectivity, the use of evidence and the relation between scientific experts, democratic institutions and engaged citizenship. Before moving to Ca' Foscari she taught at Oxford, Warwick, University College London and the London School of Economics. She is project leader of the Horizon 2020 research project 'Inclusive Science and European Democracy', co-leader of the research programme 'Evidence for Use' at the Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science at LSE, and director of the international research centre 'Trust in Science' at Ca' Foscari.

Matthew Soleiman is a doctoral student in the Department of History and Science Studies program at UC San Diego. He received his master's degree in neuroscience from the University of Washington and his bachelor's degree in psychology from UC San Diego. His research spans the history of the mind and brain sciences, the history of medicine, and science and technology studies. He is currently a PhD Fellow at the Institute for Practical Ethics at UC San Diego.

Ann C. Thresher is a doctoral student at UC San Diego where she works on the philosophy of science, environmental ethics, emerging technologies, and the philosophy of physics. She is a 2022 Heinrich Hertz Fellow at the University of Bonn, and was previously a graduate fellow at the Institute for Practical Ethics at UC San Diego. She has spoken at San Diego Comic Con on the physics of time travel, and before pursuing her doctoral degree worked for the London Mathematical Society where she ran their 150th anniversary celebrations. She holds two bachelors degrees from the University of Sydney, one in physics and one in philosophy, and grew up in Hobart, Tasmania.
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