Introduction and Introduction to the Second Edition |
|
xv | |
|
|
1 | (8) |
|
|
9 | (42) |
|
Chapter 2 Christian Doppler and His Effect |
|
|
11 | (8) |
|
2.1 Waves, Frequency and Wavelength |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
2.2 The Doppler Effect and Sound Waves |
|
|
12 | (2) |
|
2.3 The Doppler Effect and Astronomy |
|
|
14 | (5) |
|
Chapter 3 Measuring Distances in the Universe |
|
|
19 | (12) |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
|
20 | (3) |
|
3.3 Using Cepheid Variables |
|
|
23 | (2) |
|
|
25 | (2) |
|
3.5 Using Supernovae as Standard Sources |
|
|
27 | (4) |
|
Chapter 4 Edwin Hubble's Expanding Universe |
|
|
31 | (8) |
|
4.1 Galaxies, Clusters and Superclusters |
|
|
31 | (3) |
|
|
34 | (5) |
|
Chapter 5 A Weird and Wonderful Universe |
|
|
39 | (12) |
|
5.1 The Classical Universe |
|
|
39 | (2) |
|
5.2 The Relativistic Universe |
|
|
41 | (7) |
|
5.3 Missing Mass and Dark Energy |
|
|
48 | (3) |
|
|
51 | (86) |
|
Chapter 6 The Nature of Matter |
|
|
53 | (12) |
|
|
53 | (2) |
|
6.2 The Discovery of Electrons |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
|
56 | (4) |
|
6.4 The Elusive Neutrino, and Antiparticles |
|
|
60 | (2) |
|
|
62 | (3) |
|
Chapter 7 The Big-Bang Hypothesis |
|
|
65 | (8) |
|
7.1 Origin of the Big-Bang Hypothesis |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
7.2 What Happened in the Big Bang? |
|
|
66 | (7) |
|
Chapter 8 How Matter Can Clump Together |
|
|
73 | (12) |
|
8.1 Gravitational Instability |
|
|
73 | (5) |
|
8.2 The Role of Turbulence |
|
|
78 | (2) |
|
|
80 | (5) |
|
Chapter 9 The Universe Develops Structure |
|
|
85 | (10) |
|
Stars, Stellar Clusters and Galaxies |
|
|
93 | (2) |
|
Chapter 10 The First Stars are Born, Live and Die |
|
|
95 | (14) |
|
|
95 | (4) |
|
|
99 | (2) |
|
|
101 | (8) |
|
Chapter 11 The Formation of Globular Clusters and Galaxies |
|
|
109 | (8) |
|
11.1 What Constitutes the Missing Mass? |
|
|
109 | (4) |
|
11.2 How Do Galaxies Form? |
|
|
113 | (4) |
|
Chapter 12 Making the Sun --- and Similar Stars |
|
|
117 | (14) |
|
12.1 The Ingredients For Star Formation |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
12.2 Forming Dark, Cool Clouds |
|
|
118 | (3) |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
12.4 The Rotation of Stars |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
12.5 Observation and Theory Relating to Star Formation |
|
|
122 | (6) |
|
12.6 The Formation of Binary Systems |
|
|
128 | (3) |
|
Chapter 13 A Crowded Environment |
|
|
131 | (6) |
|
|
131 | (2) |
|
13.2 Interactions Between Stars |
|
|
133 | (4) |
|
|
137 | (76) |
|
Chapter 14 Understanding the Nature of the Solar System |
|
|
139 | (14) |
|
14.1 Ptolemy's Earth-Centred Model |
|
|
139 | (3) |
|
14.2 The Copernicus Heliocentric Model |
|
|
142 | (2) |
|
|
144 | (2) |
|
|
146 | (2) |
|
|
148 | (4) |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
Chapter 15 Introducing the Planets |
|
|
153 | (14) |
|
15.1 An Overall Description of the Planetary System |
|
|
153 | (4) |
|
|
157 | (2) |
|
15.3 The Terrestrial Planets |
|
|
159 | (8) |
|
Chapter 16 Satellites Galore |
|
|
167 | (20) |
|
16.1 The Satellites of Jupiter |
|
|
167 | (7) |
|
16.2 The Satellites of Saturn |
|
|
174 | (4) |
|
16.3 The Satellites of Uranus |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
16.4 The Satellites of Neptune |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
16.5 The Satellites of Mars |
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
|
181 | (6) |
|
Chapter 17 `Vermin of the Sky' and Other Small Bodies |
|
|
187 | (14) |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
188 | (3) |
|
|
191 | (6) |
|
|
193 | (2) |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
17.3.3 Stony-Iron Meteorites |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
|
197 | (2) |
|
|
199 | (2) |
|
Chapter 18 Planets Galore |
|
|
201 | (12) |
|
18.1 Detecting Planets Around Other Stars |
|
|
201 | (7) |
|
18.2 Imaging the Effects of Unseen Exoplanets |
|
|
208 | (2) |
|
18.3 Images of Exoplanets |
|
|
210 | (3) |
|
|
213 | (90) |
|
Chapter 19 Making Planets |
|
|
215 | (10) |
|
19.1 Embedded Clusters, Stars and Protostars |
|
|
215 | (2) |
|
19.2 Interactions between Stars and Compressed Regions |
|
|
217 | (4) |
|
19.3 Interactions between Stars and Protostars --- How many Planetary Systems? |
|
|
221 | (3) |
|
19.4 What Problems Remain? |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
Chapter 20 Shrinking Orbits and the Survival of Planetary Systems |
|
|
225 | (16) |
|
20.1 Resistance and Decaying Orbits |
|
|
225 | (2) |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
20.3 Mass-Dependent Resistance |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
20.4 The Form of the Resisting Medium |
|
|
229 | (2) |
|
20.5 Simulations of Orbital Evolution |
|
|
231 | (3) |
|
|
234 | (4) |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
20.8 The Survival of Planetary Systems |
|
|
239 | (2) |
|
Chapter 21 Now Satellites Form |
|
|
241 | (12) |
|
21.1 An Outline of the Solar Nebula Theory |
|
|
241 | (6) |
|
21.2 The Formation of Satellites |
|
|
247 | (6) |
|
Chapter 22 What Can Be Learnt from Meteorites? |
|
|
253 | (10) |
|
22.1 The Origin of Asteroids |
|
|
253 | (2) |
|
22.2 Aspects of Radioactivity |
|
|
255 | (2) |
|
22.3 Melting of Planetesimals |
|
|
257 | (2) |
|
22.4 Details of Meteorite Composition |
|
|
259 | (4) |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
22.4.2 Carbon and Silicon |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
|
261 | (2) |
|
Chapter 23 A Little-Bang Theory and the Terrestrial Planets |
|
|
263 | (12) |
|
23.1 The Problem of Terrestrial Planets |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
23.2 The Precession of Evolving Orbits |
|
|
264 | (2) |
|
23.3 A Postulated Planetary Collision |
|
|
266 | (2) |
|
23.4 The Composition of the Colliding Planets |
|
|
268 | (2) |
|
23.5 Temperature Generated by the Collision Process |
|
|
270 | (2) |
|
23.6 Modelling the Collision |
|
|
272 | (3) |
|
Chapter 24 The Moon --- Its Structure and History |
|
|
275 | (8) |
|
24.1 Ideas About the Origin of the Moon |
|
|
275 | (3) |
|
24.2 The Planetary Collision and the Moon |
|
|
278 | (5) |
|
Chapter 25 The Very Small Planets --- Mars and Mercury |
|
|
283 | (6) |
|
|
283 | (4) |
|
25.2 The Origin of Mercury |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
25.3 The Moon, Mars and Mercury --- a Summary |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
Chapter 26 Smaller Bodies of the Solar System |
|
|
289 | (10) |
|
|
289 | (2) |
|
26.2 Comets and the Kuiper Belt |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
|
293 | (2) |
|
26.5 The Relationship of Pluto and Triton to Neptune |
|
|
295 | (4) |
|
Chapter 27 The Origin of Isotopic Anomalies in Meteorites |
|
|
299 | (4) |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
303 | (160) |
|
Chapter 28 The Earth Settles Down --- More-or-Less |
|
|
305 | (8) |
|
28.1 The Incandescent Earth |
|
|
305 | (3) |
|
|
308 | (5) |
|
|
313 | (6) |
|
|
313 | (2) |
|
29.2 The Characteristics of Life |
|
|
315 | (4) |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
29.2.3 Regeneration and Growth |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
29.2.5 Response to Environmental Stimuli |
|
|
317 | (2) |
|
|
319 | (24) |
|
|
320 | (4) |
|
|
324 | (16) |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
326 | (3) |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
329 | (5) |
|
|
334 | (6) |
|
|
340 | (2) |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
Chapter 31 Nineteenth Century Genetics --- The Survival of the Fittest |
|
|
343 | (16) |
|
|
343 | (4) |
|
31.2 The Discovery of the Chromosome |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
31.3 Lamarck's Evolutionary Ideas |
|
|
348 | (2) |
|
31.4 Darwin's Evolutionary Ideas |
|
|
350 | (5) |
|
31.5 A Mathematical Illustration of Survival of the Fittest |
|
|
355 | (4) |
|
Chapter 32 Twentieth Century Genetics --- The Alphabets of Life |
|
|
359 | (22) |
|
32.1 Symbols and Alphabets |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
32.2 Proteins and the Protein Alphabet |
|
|
360 | (4) |
|
|
364 | (4) |
|
32.4 Determining the Structure of DNA |
|
|
368 | (6) |
|
|
374 | (2) |
|
|
376 | (5) |
|
Chapter 33 Life Begins on Earth |
|
|
381 | (10) |
|
33.1 Early Ideas on the Origin of Life |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
33.2 The Origin of the Components of the Molecules of Life |
|
|
382 | (2) |
|
33.3 The Origin of the Molecules of Life |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
385 | (4) |
|
33.5 The Creation of Self-Replicating DNA |
|
|
389 | (2) |
|
Chapter 34 The Restless Earth |
|
|
391 | (16) |
|
34.1 The Jigsaw-Puzzle Earth |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
34.2 The Evidence for Continental Drift |
|
|
392 | (3) |
|
34.3 The Mechanism of Continental Drift |
|
|
395 | (6) |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
402 | (5) |
|
Chapter 35 Oxygen, Ozone and Life |
|
|
407 | (6) |
|
35.1 The Role of Oxygen and Ozone |
|
|
407 | (3) |
|
35.2 The First Free Oxygen is Produced |
|
|
410 | (3) |
|
Chapter 36 The Evolution of Life --- From Archaea to Early Mammals |
|
|
413 | (24) |
|
36.1 The Hadean Era (4,500-3,800 My BP) |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
36.2 The Archaean Era (3,800-2,500 My BP) |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
36.3 The Proterozoic Era (2,500-543 My BP) |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
36.3.1 The Ediacaran Period (600-543 My BP) |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
36.4 The Paleozoic Era (543-251 My BP) |
|
|
416 | (14) |
|
36.4.1 The Cambrian Period (543-488 My BP) |
|
|
417 | (2) |
|
36.4.2 The Ordovician Period (488-444 My BP) |
|
|
419 | (2) |
|
36.4.3 The Silurian Period (444-416 My BP) |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
36.4.4 The Devonian Period (416-360 My BP) |
|
|
422 | (3) |
|
36.4.5 The Carboniferous Period (360-299 My BP) |
|
|
425 | (3) |
|
36.4.6 The Permian Period (299-251 My BP) |
|
|
428 | (2) |
|
36.5 The Mesozoic Era (251-65.5 My BP) |
|
|
430 | (7) |
|
36.5.1 The Triassic Period (251-200 My BP) |
|
|
430 | (2) |
|
36.5.2 The Jurassic Period (200-145 My BP) |
|
|
432 | (2) |
|
36.5.3 The Cretaceous Period (145-65.5 My BP) |
|
|
434 | (3) |
|
Chapter 37 Early Mammals to Man |
|
|
437 | (14) |
|
37.1 The Cenozoic Era (65.5 My BP to Present) |
|
|
437 | (14) |
|
37.1.1 The Tertiary Period (65.5-1.8 My BP) |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
37.1.1.1 The Palaeocene Epoch (65.5-56 My BP) |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
37.1.1.2 The Eocene Epoch (56-34 My BP) |
|
|
438 | (3) |
|
37.1.1.3 The Oligocene Epoch (34-23 My BP) |
|
|
441 | (2) |
|
37.1.1.4 The Miocene Epoch (23-5.3 My BP) |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
37.1.1.5 The Pliocene Epoch (5.3-1.8 My BP) |
|
|
444 | (2) |
|
37.1.2 The Quaternary Period (1.8 My BP to present) |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
37.1.2.1 The Pleistocene Epoch (1.8 My to 11,500 years BP) |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
37.1.2.2 The Holocene Epoch (11,500 years BP to present) |
|
|
448 | (3) |
|
Chapter 38 Man and the Earth |
|
|
451 | (10) |
|
38.1 Environment, Chance and Evolution |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
38.2 Man Arrives and Begins to Manipulate Nature |
|
|
452 | (3) |
|
38.3 The Rules of the Game Change --- Man Modifies the Environment |
|
|
455 | (6) |
|
|
461 | (2) |
Index |
|
463 | |