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El. knyga: Time, Space, Stars And Man: The Story Of The Big Bang (2nd Edition)

(University Of York, Uk)
  • Formatas: 496 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 29-Nov-2012
  • Leidėjas: Imperial College Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781848169364
  • Formatas: 496 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 29-Nov-2012
  • Leidėjas: Imperial College Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781848169364

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The three greatest scientific mysteries, which remain poorly understood, are the origin of the universe, the origin of life and the development of consciousness. This book describes the processes preceding the Big Bang, the creation of matter, the concentration of that matter into stars and planets, the development of simple life forms and the theory of evolution that has given higher life forms, including mankind.There are many popular and excellent science books that present various aspects of science. However, this book follows a narrow scientific pathway from the Big Bang to mankind, and depicts the causal relationship between each step and the next. The science covered will be enough to satisfy most readers. Many important areas of science are dealt with, and these include cosmology, particle physics, atomic physics, galaxy and star formation, planet formation and aspects of evolution. The necessary science is described in a narrative form that general-interest readers should understand, without the use of equations or formulae.This 2nd edition includes several updates on the subjects that form the pillars of this book. They are: cosmology and astronomy, the features and formation of the solar system, the origin of life, and genetics and evolution. This book will appeal to readers with an interest in biology and those curious about the origins of the universe.
Introduction and Introduction to the Second Edition xv
Chapter 1 Musing
1(10)
The Universe
9(2)
Chapter 2 Christian Doppler and His Effect
11(8)
2.1 Waves, Frequency and Wavelength
11(1)
2.2 The Doppler Effect and Sound Waves
12(2)
2.3 The Doppler Effect and Astronomy
14(5)
Chapter 3 Measuring Distances in the Universe
19(12)
3.1 The Parallax Method
19(1)
3.2 Main-Sequence Stars
20(3)
3.3 Using Cepheid Variables
23(2)
3.4 Spinning Galaxies
25(2)
3.5 Using Supernovae as Standard Sources
27(4)
Chapter 4 Edwin Hubble's Expanding Universe
31(8)
4.1 Galaxies, Clusters and Superclusters
31(3)
4.2 Hubble's Law
34(5)
Chapter 5 A Weird and Wonderful Universe
39(14)
5.1 The Classical Universe
39(2)
5.2 The Relativistic Universe
41(7)
5.3 Missing Mass and Dark Energy
48(5)
Matter and the Universe
51(2)
Chapter 6 The Nature of Matter
53(12)
6.1 Atoms and Molecules
53(2)
6.2 The Discovery of Electrons
55(1)
6.3 The Atomic Nucleus
56(4)
6.4 The Elusive Neutrino and Antiparticles
60(2)
6.5 Quarks
62(3)
Chapter 7 The Big-Bang Hypothesis
65(8)
7.1 Origin of the Big-Bang Hypothesis
65(1)
7.2 What Happened in the Big Bang?
66(7)
Chapter 8 How Matter Can Clump Together
73(12)
8.1 Gravitational Instability
73(5)
8.2 The Role of Turbulence
78(2)
8.3 Cooling Processes
80(5)
Chapter 9 The Universe Develops Structure
85(10)
Stars, Stellar Clusters and Galaxies
93(2)
Chapter 10 The First Stars are Born, Live and Die
95(14)
10.1 The Birth of Stars
95(4)
10.2 The Life of Stars
99(2)
10.3 The Final Journey
101(8)
Chapter 11 The Formation of Globular Clusters and Galaxies
109(8)
11.1 What Constitutes the Missing Mass?
109(4)
11.2 How Do Galaxies Form?
113(4)
Chapter 12 Making the Sun --- and Similar Stars
117(14)
12.1 The Ingredients For Star Formation
117(1)
12.2 Forming Dark, Cool Clouds
118(3)
12.3 Forming Protostars
121(1)
12.4 The Rotation of Stars
122(1)
12.5 Observation and Theory Relating to Star Formation
122(6)
12.6 The Formation of Binary Systems
128(3)
Chapter 13 A Crowded Environment
131(8)
13.1 Embedded Clusters
131(2)
13.2 Interactions Between Stars
133(6)
The Solar System
137(2)
Chapter 14 Understanding the Nature of the Solar System
139(14)
14.1 Ptolemy's Earth-Centred Model
139(3)
14.2 The Copernicus Heliocentric Model
142(2)
14.3 Tycho Brahe
144(2)
14.4 Johannes Kepler
146(2)
14.5 Galileo Galilei
148(4)
14.6 Isaac Newton
152(1)
Chapter 15 Introducing the Planets
153(14)
15.1 An Overall Description of the Planetary System
153(4)
15.2 The Major Planets
157(2)
15.3 The Terrestrial Planets
159(8)
Chapter 16 Satellites Galore
167(20)
16.1 The Satellites of Jupiter
167(7)
16.2 The Satellites of Saturn
174(4)
16.3 The Satellites of Uranus
178(1)
16.4 The Satellites of Neptune
179(1)
16.5 The Satellites of Mars
180(1)
16.6 The Moon
181(6)
Chapter 17 `Vermin of the Sky' and Other Small Bodies
187(14)
17.1 Bode's Law
187(1)
17.2 Asteroids Galore
188(3)
17.3 Meteorites
191(6)
17.3.1 Stony Meteorites
193(2)
17.3.2 Iron Meteorites
195(1)
17.3.3 Stony-Iron Meteorites
196(1)
17.4 Comets
197(2)
17.5 The Kuiper Belt
199(2)
Chapter 18 Planets Galore
201(14)
18.1 Detecting Planets Around Other Stars
201(7)
18.2 Imaging the Effects of Unseen Exoplanets
208(2)
18.3 Images of Exoplanets
210(5)
Forming the Solar System
213(2)
Chapter 19 Making Planets
215(10)
19.1 Embedded Clusters, Stars and Protostars
215(2)
19.2 Interactions between Stars and Compressed Regions
217(4)
19.3 Interactions between Stars and Protostars --- How many Planetary Systems?
221(3)
19.4 What Problems Remain?
224(1)
Chapter 20 Shrinking Orbits and the Survival of Planetary Systems
225(16)
20.1 Resistance and Decaying Orbits
225(2)
20.2 Viscosity
227(1)
20.3 Mass-Dependent Resistance
228(1)
20.4 The Form of the Resisting Medium
229(2)
20.5 Simulations of Orbital Evolution
231(3)
20.6 Eccentric Orbits
234(4)
20.7 Commensurate Orbits
238(1)
20.8 The Survival of Planetary Systems
239(2)
Chapter 21 Now Satellites Form
241(12)
21.1 An Outline of the Solar Nebula Theory
241(6)
21.2 The Formation of Satellites
247(6)
Chapter 22 What Can Be Learnt from Meteorites?
253(10)
22.1 The Origin of Asteroids
253(2)
22.2 Aspects of Radioactivity
255(2)
22.3 Melting of Planetesimals
257(2)
22.4 Details of Meteorite Composition
259(4)
22.4.1 Oxygen
260(1)
22.4.2 Carbon and Silicon
260(1)
22.4.3 Nitrogen
261(1)
22.4.4 Neon
261(2)
Chapter 23 A Little-Bang Theory and the Terrestrial Planets
263(12)
23.1 The Problem of Terrestrial Planets
263(1)
23.2 The Precession of Evolving Orbits
264(2)
23.3 A Postulated Planetary Collision
266(2)
23.4 The Composition of the Colliding Planets
268(2)
23.5 Temperature Generated by the Collision Process
270(2)
23.6 Modelling the Collision
272(3)
Chapter 24 The Moon --- Its Structure and History
275(8)
24.1 Ideas About the Origin of the Moon
275(3)
24.2 The Planetary Collision and the Moon
278(5)
Chapter 25 The Very Small Planets --- Mars and Mercury
283(6)
25.1 The Origin of Mars
283(4)
25.2 The Origin of Mercury
287(1)
25.3 The Moon, Mars and Mercury --- a Summary
288(1)
Chapter 26 Smaller Bodies of the Solar System
289(10)
26.1 Asteroid Formation
289(2)
26.2 Comets and the Kuiper Belt
291(1)
26.3 The Oort Cloud
292(1)
26.4 The Dwarf Planets
293(2)
26.5 The Relationship of Pluto and Triton to Neptune
295(4)
Chapter 27 The Origin of Isotopic Anomalies in Meteorites
299(6)
27.1 Magnesium
300(1)
27.2 Oxygen
300(1)
27.3 Carbon and Silicon
300(1)
27.4 Nitrogen
301(1)
27.5 Neon
302(3)
Life on Earth
303(2)
Chapter 28 The Earth Settles Down --- More-or-Less
305(8)
28.1 The Incandescent Earth
305(3)
28.2 An Atmosphere Forms
308(5)
Chapter 29 What is Life?
313(6)
29.1 Defining Life
313(2)
29.2 The Characteristics of Life
315(4)
29.2.1 Reproduction
316(1)
29.2.2 Adaptation
316(1)
29.2.3 Regeneration and Growth
316(1)
29.2.4 Metabolism
317(1)
29.2.5 Response to Environmental Stimuli
317(2)
Chapter 30 Forms of Life
319(24)
30.1 Bacteria
320(4)
30.2 Eukaryota
324(16)
30.2.1 Protista
324(1)
30.2.2 Fungi
325(1)
30.2.3 Plantae
326(3)
30.2.4 Animalia
329(1)
30.2.4.1 Invertebrates
329(5)
30.2.4.2 Vertebrates
334(6)
30.3 Archaea
340(2)
30.4 An Overview
342(1)
Chapter 31 Nineteenth Century Genetics --- The Survival of the Fittest
343(16)
31.1 Mendel and His Peas
343(4)
31.2 The Discovery of the Chromosome
347(1)
31.3 Lamarck's Evolutionary Ideas
348(2)
31.4 Darwin's Evolutionary Ideas
350(5)
31.5 A Mathematical Illustration of Survival of the Fittest
355(4)
Chapter 32 Twentieth Century Genetics --- The Alphabets of Life
359(22)
32.1 Symbols and Alphabets
359(1)
32.2 Proteins and the Protein Alphabet
360(4)
32.3 The DNA Alphabet
364(4)
32.4 Determining the Structure of DNA
368(6)
32.5 The Role of RNA
374(2)
32.6 Sexual Reproduction
376(5)
Chapter 33 Life Begins on Earth
381(10)
33.1 Early Ideas on the Origin of Life
381(1)
33.2 The Origin of the Components of the Molecules of Life
382(2)
33.3 The Origin of the Molecules of Life
384(1)
33.4 The Source of Life
385(4)
33.5 The Creation of Self-Replicating DNA
389(2)
Chapter 34 The Restless Earth
391(16)
34.1 The Jigsaw-Puzzle Earth
391(1)
34.2 The Evidence for Continental Drift
392(3)
34.3 The Mechanism of Continental Drift
395(6)
34.4 Volcanism
401(1)
34.5 Earthquakes
402(5)
Chapter 35 Oxygen, Ozone and Life
407(6)
35.1 The Role of Oxygen and Ozone
407(3)
35.2 The First Free Oxygen is Produced
410(3)
Chapter 36 The Evolution of Life --- From Archaea to Early Mammals
413(24)
36.1 The Hadean Era (4,500-3,800 My BP)
414(1)
36.2 The Archaean Era (3,800-2,500 My BP)
414(1)
36.3 The Proterozoic Era (2,500-543 My BP)
415(1)
36.3.1 The Ediacaran Period (600-543 My BP)
415(1)
36.4 The Paleozoic Era (543-251 My BP)
416(14)
36.4.1 The Cambrian Period (543-488 My BP)
417(2)
36.4.2 The Ordovician Period (488-444 My BP)
419(2)
36.4.3 The Silurian Period (444-416 My BP)
421(1)
36.4.4 The Devonian Period (416-360 My BP)
422(3)
36.4.5 The Carboniferous Period (360-299 My BP)
425(3)
36.4.6 The Permian Period (299-251 My BP)
428(2)
36.5 The Mesozoic Era (251-65.5 My BP)
430(7)
36.5.1 The Triassic Period (251-200 My BP)
430(2)
36.5.2 The Jurassic Period (200-145 My BP)
432(2)
36.5.3 The Cretaceous Period (145-65.5 My BP)
434(3)
Chapter 37 Early Mammals to Man
437(14)
37.1 The Cenozoic Era (65.5 My BP to Present)
437(14)
37.1.1 The Tertiary Period (65.5-1.8 My BP)
437(1)
37.1.1.1 The Palaeocene Epoch (65.5-56 My BP)
438(1)
37.1.1.2 The Eocene Epoch (56-34 My BP)
438(3)
37.1.1.3 The Oligocene Epoch (34-23 My BP)
441(2)
37.1.1.4 The Miocene Epoch (23-5.3 My BP)
443(1)
37.1.1.5 The Pliocene Epoch (5.3-1.8 My BP)
444(2)
37.1.2 The Quaternary Period (1.8 My BP to present)
446(1)
37.1.2.1 The Pleistocene Epoch (1.8 My to 11,500 years BP)
447(1)
37.1.2.2 The Holocene Epoch (11,500 years BP to present)
448(3)
Chapter 38 Man and the Earth
451(10)
38.1 Environment, Chance and Evolution
451(1)
38.2 Man Arrives and Begins to Manipulate Nature
452(3)
38.3 The Rules of the Game Change --- Man Modifies the Environment
455(6)
Chapter 39 Musing Again
461(2)
Index 463