Preface |
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xiii | |
Contributors |
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xv | |
The Editors |
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xix | |
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SECTION I. BASIC PRINCIPLES |
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1 | (214) |
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Anatomy and Physiology of the Kidneys |
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3 | (54) |
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3 | (3) |
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Mammalian Kidney: Overall Structural Organization |
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6 | (3) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (8) |
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19 | (6) |
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25 | (7) |
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Distal Convoluted Tubule, Connecting Segment, and Initial Collecting Tubule |
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32 | (3) |
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35 | (11) |
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Papillary Surface Epithelium |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (10) |
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Molecular and Cell Biology of Normal and Diseased or Intoxicated Kidney |
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57 | (24) |
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57 | (1) |
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Urinary Enzymes and other Proteins |
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58 | (2) |
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Molecular Markers of Renal Cellular Function and Cytotoxicity |
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60 | (9) |
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69 | (3) |
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Molecular Markers of Renal Cellular Repair and Regeneration |
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72 | (2) |
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Molecular Markers of Renal Cell Cancer |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (7) |
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Assessing Renal Effects of Toxicants In vivo |
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81 | (68) |
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81 | (3) |
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Overview of In Vivo Kidney Methodologies |
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84 | (1) |
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Markers of Renal Function in Blood |
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85 | (10) |
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Markers of Renal Function in Urine |
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95 | (27) |
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122 | (12) |
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134 | (15) |
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In vitro Techniques in Screening and Mechanistic Studies: Organ Perfusion, Slices and Nephron Components |
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149 | (42) |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (6) |
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157 | (16) |
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173 | (18) |
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In vitro Techniques in Screening and Mechanistic Studies: Cell culture, Cell-Free systems, and Molecular and Cell Biology |
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191 | (24) |
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191 | (1) |
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Primary Cultures vs. Cell Lines |
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192 | (6) |
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Genetically Modified Cells |
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198 | (2) |
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Cell Death as a Toxic Endpoint |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (2) |
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204 | (11) |
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SECTION II. MECHANISMS OF NEPHROTOXICITY |
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215 | (310) |
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Role of Xenobiotic Metabolism |
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217 | (28) |
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217 | (2) |
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Biotransformation Enzymes |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (9) |
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228 | (17) |
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Mechanisms of Renal Cell Death |
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245 | (54) |
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245 | (4) |
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249 | (16) |
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265 | (13) |
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Toxicant-Induced Renal Cell Death |
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278 | (21) |
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Signal Transduction in Renal Cell Repair and Regeneration |
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299 | (44) |
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299 | (1) |
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Signal Transduction and Stress Responses in Damaged Cells |
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300 | (19) |
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319 | (9) |
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Conclusions and Future Perspectives |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (14) |
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Chemical-Induced Nephrocarcinogenicity in the Eker Rat: A Model of Chemical-Induced Renal Carcinogenesis |
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343 | (32) |
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343 | (3) |
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Metabolism Dependent Nephrotoxicity of Hydroquinone |
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346 | (5) |
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Toxicity-Induced Cell Proliferation |
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351 | (10) |
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Repair of Oxidative DNA Damage |
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361 | (5) |
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366 | (9) |
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The Role of Endocytosis in Nephrotoxicity |
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375 | (58) |
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375 | (1) |
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The Kidney's Role in Homeostasis of Low Molecular Weight Substances |
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375 | (3) |
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378 | (21) |
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399 | (6) |
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Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity |
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405 | (7) |
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Exploitation of Endocytosis by Toxicants |
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412 | (21) |
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Role of Cellular Energetics in Nephrotoxicity |
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433 | (42) |
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Renal Energy Metabolism and Tissue Function |
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433 | (12) |
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Mitochondria as Primary Intracellular Targets of Toxicants and in Pathological Conditions |
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445 | (13) |
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458 | (2) |
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Mitochondrial Permeability Transition and Renal Cell Death |
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460 | (2) |
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462 | (13) |
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Adhesion Molecules in Renal Physiology and Pathology |
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475 | (24) |
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475 | (2) |
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Renal Cell Adhesion Molecules |
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477 | (8) |
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Disruption of Renal Cell Adhesion Molecules |
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485 | (7) |
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492 | (7) |
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Oxidant Mechanisms in Toxic Acute Renal Failure |
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499 | (26) |
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499 | (1) |
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Role of Reactive Oxygen Metabolites in Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity |
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500 | (2) |
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Role of Reactive Oxygen Metabolites in Gentamicin Nephrotoxicity |
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502 | (2) |
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Role of Reactive Oxygen Metabolites in Myoglobinuric Acute Renal Failure |
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504 | (2) |
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Mechanisms of Renal Tubular Epithelial Cell Injury |
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506 | (8) |
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514 | (2) |
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516 | (9) |
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SECTION III. CLINICAL NEPHROTOXICITY AND SPECIFIC CLASSES OF NEPHROTOXICANTS |
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525 | (496) |
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Vasoactive and Inflammatory Substances |
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527 | (92) |
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527 | (1) |
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The Renin-Angiotensin System |
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528 | (14) |
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The Renal Kallikrein-Kinin System |
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542 | (3) |
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545 | (7) |
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552 | (11) |
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563 | (11) |
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Role of Vasoactive and Inflammatory Mediators in Drug-Induced Renal Nephrotoxicity |
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574 | (15) |
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589 | (30) |
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619 | (16) |
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619 | (1) |
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Clinical Manifestation of Classical Analgesic Nephropathy |
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620 | (5) |
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Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis |
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625 | (3) |
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628 | (1) |
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Prevention of Renal Disease |
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628 | (7) |
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Antibiotic-Induced Nephrotoxicity |
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635 | (52) |
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635 | (1) |
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636 | (18) |
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654 | (8) |
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662 | (5) |
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667 | (2) |
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669 | (1) |
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670 | (17) |
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Nephrotoxicity of Cyclosporine and Other Immunosuppressive and Immunotherapeutic Agents |
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687 | (92) |
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687 | (1) |
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Clinical Nephrotoxicity of Immunosuppressive Agents |
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688 | (37) |
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From the Clinic to the Laboratory |
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725 | (54) |
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Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity |
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779 | (38) |
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779 | (2) |
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Cisplatin is ``Activated'' Upon Entry into the Cell |
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781 | (3) |
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Mechanisms of Cisplatin-Induced Cytotoxicity: Additive Roles of DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress |
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784 | (3) |
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Cisplatin-Induced DNA Damage |
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787 | (2) |
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Role of Cyclin Kinase Inhibitors in Ameliorating Cisplatin-Induced Cytotoxicity |
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789 | (1) |
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Role of Apoptosis in Cisplatin-Induced Toxicity |
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790 | (1) |
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Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity |
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791 | (5) |
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Renal Syndromes Associated with Cisplatin |
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796 | (5) |
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The Relative Nephrotoxicity of Cisplatin and Other Organoplatinum Compounds |
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801 | (16) |
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The Pathogenesis and Prevention of Radiocontrast Medium Induced Renal Dysfunction |
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817 | (44) |
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817 | (1) |
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818 | (1) |
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Pharmacology and Physiology |
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819 | (3) |
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Mechanisms of Nephrotoxicity |
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822 | (11) |
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833 | (2) |
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Animal Models of RCM Nephrotoxicity |
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835 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Human RCM Nephropathy |
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836 | (3) |
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Complications of RCM Procedures |
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839 | (1) |
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Prophylactic Strategies for Prevention |
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840 | (8) |
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848 | (13) |
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Analgesics and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs |
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861 | (34) |
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861 | (2) |
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863 | (7) |
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Physiological Actions of Prostaglandins in the Kidney |
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870 | (2) |
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Acute Renal Effects Associated with NSAID Therapy |
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872 | (11) |
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Chronic Renal Effects Associated with NSAID Therapy |
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883 | (5) |
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888 | (7) |
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Mycotoxins Affecting the Kidney |
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895 | (42) |
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895 | (1) |
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What are Mycotoxins? A Brief Overview |
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895 | (1) |
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The Kidney as a Target Organ |
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896 | (2) |
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898 | (26) |
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924 | (1) |
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925 | (12) |
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Nephrotoxicology of Metals |
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937 | (58) |
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937 | (1) |
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Nephrotoxicology of Cadmium |
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937 | (14) |
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Nephrotoxicology of Mercury |
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951 | (14) |
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965 | (6) |
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Nephrotoxicology of Uranium |
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971 | (24) |
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Chemical-Induced Nephrotoxicity Mediated by Glutathione S-Conjugate Formation |
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995 | (26) |
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995 | (1) |
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Role of Phase II Biotransformation in Target Organ Toxicity |
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996 | (1) |
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Biosynthesis of Nephrotoxic Glutathione S-Conjugates |
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997 | (7) |
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Metabolism of S-Conjugates and Uptake by the Kidney |
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1004 | (3) |
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Nephrotoxicity of S-Conjugates |
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1007 | (3) |
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1010 | (11) |
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SECTION IV. RISK AND SAFETY ASSESSMENT |
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1021 | (142) |
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The Role of Epidemiology in Human Nephrotoxicity |
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1023 | (36) |
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1023 | (1) |
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1023 | (11) |
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Epidemiological Evidence Implicating Individual Nephrotoxicants |
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1034 | (16) |
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1050 | (1) |
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1051 | (8) |
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Age, Sex and Species Differences in Nephrotoxic Response |
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1059 | (40) |
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1059 | (1) |
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Developmental Considerations in Nephrotoxic Responses |
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1060 | (4) |
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Consideration of Age-, Sex-, and Species-Related Factors in the Nephrotoxic Response |
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1064 | (9) |
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Major Mechanisms of Age-Associated Renal Damage in Different Species |
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1073 | (4) |
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Sex-Related Differences in the Nephrotoxic Response |
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1077 | (2) |
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Specific Examples of Age, Sex, and Species Related Differences in Xenobiotic Metabolism and the Nephrotoxic Response |
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1079 | (9) |
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Renal Carcinogenesis and the Nephrotoxic Response |
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1088 | (2) |
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1090 | (9) |
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Risk Assessment of Nephrotoxic Metals |
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1099 | (34) |
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1099 | (3) |
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1102 | (11) |
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1113 | (10) |
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1123 | (10) |
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Risk Assessment for Selected Therapeutics |
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1133 | (30) |
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1133 | (1) |
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Toxicity Assessment of Xemilofiban and Orbofiban |
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1134 | (14) |
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Toxicity Assessment of the Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors |
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1148 | (15) |
Index |
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1163 | |