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El. knyga: Transient Electromagnetic-Thermal Nondestructive Testing: Pulsed Eddy Current and Transient Eddy Current Thermography

(Associate Professor, College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China), , (Assi), (Professor, School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China)
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 25-May-2017
  • Leidėjas: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128128367
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Transient Electromagnetic-Thermal Nondestructive Testing: Pulsed Eddy Current and Transient Eddy Current ThermographyDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 25-May-2017
  • Leidėjas: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128128367
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There are two typical transient EM NDT methods, pulsed eddy current (PEC) and transient eddy current thermography (TECT) which are introduced and researched in this book. This book covers the three key areas of theories, methods, and applications: Theory: 1) Multi-physics field including eddy current, heat conduction, and Infrared radiation are studied for defect evaluation; 2) Lateral heat conduction is analysed to detect parallel cracks; 3) Longitudinal heat conduction is analysed to detect depth defect, which is beyond skin depth; Methods: 1) Time domain, frequency domain, and logarithm domain are analysed; 2) A-scan , B-scan, and C-scan are introduced and compared; 3) Defect identification, classification, quantification are analysed; 4) Advanced algorithm, principal components analysis (PCA), independent components analysis (ICA) and support vector machine (SVM) are used; 5) Image reconstruction is proposed to improve the detectability. Applications: 1) A lot of experimental studies on multi-layer aluminium structures, honeycomb structure, CFRP in aerospace field, steel and coating in marine field, rail in transportation field are provided; 2) A variety of real damages are evaluated, such as corrosion and blister in steel, stress in aluminium, impact and delamination in CFRP laminates, RCF cracks in rail.

  • Different from steady NDT testing, transient EM NDT testing is special. Two kinds of transient NDT testing are introduced from theory, methodology to applications.
  • Theoretically, multi-physics field including eddy current, heat conduction, Infrared radiation are studied for defect evaluation; lateral heat conduction is used to detect parallel cracks; longitudinal heat conduction is used to detect depth defect, which is beyond skin depth;
  • Methodologically, a lot of methods are analysed. Time domain frequency domain, and logarithm domain are analysed; A-scan , B-scan, and C-scan are introduced and compared; advanced algorithm principal components analysis (PCA), independent components analysis (ICA) and support vector machine (SVM) are used; Image reconstruction is used to improve the detectability;
  • In view of application, macro damage and micro properties variations including conductivity, permeability, and lift-off are evaluated; Experimental studies for real damages including corrosion and blister in steel, stress in aluminium, impact and delamination in CFRP laminates, RCF cracks are abundant.

Daugiau informacijos

The only English language book providing a comprehensive coverage of PEC and TECT
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv
Abbreviations xvii
1 Nondestructive Testing and Transient Electromagnetic-Thermal NDT
Part I Pulsed Eddy Current
2 Magnetic Sensor Based Pulsed Eddy Current for Defect Detection and Characterization
2.1 Introduction to PEC
7(3)
2.2 Magnetic Sensor Based PEC Systems
10(6)
2.2.1 Electronics Design
10(5)
2.2.2 Probe Design
15(1)
2.3 Signal Processing Software
16(6)
2.3.1 Signal Feature Extractions
17(1)
2.3.2 PCA-Based Feature Extraction
18(1)
2.3.3 Wavelet-Based PCA
19(3)
2.4 Inspection of Nonferromagnetic Samples
22(8)
2.4.1 Sample Thickness Measurement
23(1)
2.4.2 Inspection of Surface Discontinuities
23(2)
2.4.3 Inspection of Subsurface Discontinuities
25(1)
2.4.4 Flaw Classification and Quantification
26(4)
2.5 Inspection of Ferromagnetic Samples
30(7)
2.5.1 PEC and Magnetic Saturation
31(1)
2.5.2 Penetration Depth Test
31(2)
2.5.3 Inspection of Surface and Subsurface Defects
33(4)
3 Hall-Device-Based PEC Features for Material Properties Evaluation and Defect Detection
3.1 Feature Extraction in the Time Domain
37(5)
3.1.1 PEC Response and Features in the Time Domain
37(2)
3.1.2 PEC Response and Features of Different Properties
39(3)
3.2 Stress Measurement Using Time-Domain Features
42(2)
3.2.1 The PEC System
42(1)
3.2.2 Stress Measurement
43(1)
3.3 Corrosion Evaluation and Development Prediction
44(5)
3.3.1 Corrosion and Samples
44(1)
3.3.2 PEC Results
45(4)
3.4 Scanning PEC for Honeycomb Evaluation
49(3)
3.4.1 Specimens
49(1)
3.4.2 Honeycomb Structure Specimen 1
49(2)
3.4.3 Honeycomb Structure Specimen 2
51(1)
3.5 Scanning PEC for CFRP Impact Evaluation
52(3)
4 Coil-Based Rectangular PEC Sensors for Defect Classification
4.1 Rectangular PEC Sensors and Feature Extraction
55(6)
4.1.1 Rectangular PEC Sensors
55(1)
4.1.2 Time-and Frequency-Domain Features Extraction
55(3)
4.1.3 Scanning Imaging Based on a Rectangular PEC Sensor
58(3)
4.2 Defect Classification Under Different Directions
61(4)
4.2.1 Peak Waves in Different Directions
61(3)
4.2.2 Classification Results
64(1)
4.3 Defect Classification Under Variations of Lift-Off
65(4)
4.3.1 Background
65(1)
4.3.2 Experimental Setup
66(1)
4.3.3 Defect Classification in the Time Domain
66(1)
4.3.4 Defect Classification in the Frequency Domain
67(2)
4.4 PCA with Frequency-Domain Responses for Defect Classification in Multilayer Structures
69(9)
4.4.1 Methods of PCA with Frequency Response
69(6)
4.4.2 Defect Classification Results with Various Air Gaps
75(2)
4.4.3 Defect Classification Results Under Varying Lift-Offs
77(1)
4.5 PCA-SVM Based Defect Classification
78(15)
4.5.1 Methods of SVM-Based Classification
78(7)
4.5.2 Classification Results
85(8)
Part II Transient Eddy Current Thermography
5 Active Thermography and Eddy Current Excited Thermography
5.1 Active Thermography
93(11)
5.1.1 Classification by Excitation Signals
93(2)
5.1.2 Classification by Excitation Sources
95(3)
5.1.3 Classification by Heating Style
98(2)
5.1.4 Classification by Configuration
100(1)
5.1.5 Classification by Relative Motion
101(3)
5.2 Eddy Current Thermography
104(10)
5.2.1 Basic Knowledge of ECT
105(2)
5.2.2 Physical Principle of ECPT
107(3)
5.2.3 Surface Heating and Volumetric Heating of ECPT
110(2)
5.2.4 Feature Extraction Methods of ECPT
112(2)
5.3 ECPT for Quantitative Analysis of Surface Defects
114(9)
5.3.1 Quantitative Analysis Strategy
115(2)
5.3.2 Results and Validation
117(6)
6 Heat Conduction Based Eddy Current Pulsed Thermography (ECPT) for Defect Evaluation
6.1 Time Domain Quantification Analysis for Deep Defects
123(14)
6.1.1 Analytical Solutions
123(3)
6.1.2 Numerical Studies
126(7)
6.1.3 Experimental Studies
133(4)
6.2 Log Domain Quantification Analysis for Deep Defects
137(7)
6.2.1 Methodology
137(2)
6.2.2 Numerical Studies
139(3)
6.2.3 Experimental Studies
142(2)
6.3 Lateral Heat Conduction Based Defect Evaluation
144(11)
6.3.1 Methodology
144(1)
6.3.2 Numerical Studies
145(3)
6.3.3 Experimental Studies
148(1)
6.3.4 Rail Crack Evaluation
149(6)
7 Eddy Current Step or Time-Resolved Thermography (ECST)
7.1 Principle of ECST
155(2)
7.2 Numerical Studies
157(2)
7.3 Experimental Studies
159(2)
8 Eddy Current Pulsed Phase Thermography (ECPPT) for Metal Materials Evaluation
8.1 Basic Theory of ECPPT
161(3)
8.1.1 Induction Heating
161(2)
8.1.2 Thermal Wave Propagation
163(1)
8.1.3 Fourier Transform Based Phase Extraction
163(1)
8.2 Finite Element Analysis for Defect Quantification
164(3)
8.3 Experimental Studies for Defect Quantification
167(3)
8.3.1 Experimental Setup
167(1)
8.3.2 Experiments
168(2)
8.4 Elimination of Surface Emissivity Variation
170(7)
8.4.1 Background
170(1)
8.4.2 Samples with Emissivity Variation
171(1)
8.4.3 Results and Discussion
171(6)
9 Volume or Inside Heating Eddy Current Thermography
9.1 Physical Principles of SHT and VHT
177(6)
9.1.1 Surface Heating Thermography
178(1)
9.1.2 Volume Heating Thermography and Inside Heating Thermography
179(4)
9.2 Numerical Studies
183(4)
9.2.1 FEM Model
183(1)
9.2.2 Volume Heating Step Thermography
184(1)
9.2.3 Volume Heating Pulse Thermography
185(1)
9.2.4 Volume Heating Pulse Phase Thermography
186(1)
9.3 Experimental Studies
187(6)
9.3.1 Inserted Sample
187(2)
9.3.2 Impacted Sample
189(4)
10 Volume Heating ECT and Phase Analysis for CFRP Evaluation
10.1 Methodology of ECVHT and Phase Analysis
193(4)
10.1.1 Background
193(1)
10.1.2 Eddy Current Volume Heating Thermography
194(1)
10.1.3 Phase Analysis Based on Thermal Wave Propagation and Fourier Transform-Based Phase Extraction
195(1)
10.1.4 Characterization Methods Under Transmission and Reflection Modes
196(1)
10.2 Delamination Evaluation Using Volume Heating ECPPT
197(11)
10.2.1 Experimental Setup
197(1)
10.2.2 Transmission Mode
198(7)
10.2.3 Reflection Mode
205(3)
10.3 Impact Evaluation Using Eddy Current Square Pulse Phase Thermography
208(13)
10.3.1 Methodology of ECSPPT
208(2)
10.3.2 Experimental Studies
210(11)
11 Pulsed Inductive Thermal Wave Radar (PITWR)
11.1 Theory of TWR
221(3)
11.1.1 Background
221(1)
11.1.2 Algorithm
222(2)
11.2 Subsurface Defect Evaluation and Suppression of Emissivity Variation in Steel
224(3)
11.2.1 Simulation Results for Depth Quantification
224(1)
11.2.2 Experimental Studies of Steel
225(2)
11.3 Experimental Studies of CFRP
227(14)
11.3.1 Improvement of Delamination Detectability in CFRP
227(7)
11.2.2 Improvement of Impact Detectability in CFRP
234(7)
12 Through Coating Imaging of Early Marine Corrosion Using ECPPT
12.1 Steel Corrosion Detection and Evaluation
241(2)
12.2 Methodologies
243(4)
12.2.1 Through Coating Heating
243(2)
12.2.2 Through Coating Imaging
245(2)
12.3 Experimental Studies
247(12)
12.3.1 Experimental Setup
247(1)
12.3.2 Through Coating Imaging
248(3)
12.3.3 Corrosion Development
251(1)
12.3.4 Comparison Studies
252(7)
Part III Physical-Mathematical Model-Based ECPT for Defect Evaluation
13 Separation of ECPT Transient Electromagnetic-Thermal Fields
13.1 Demand for Separation of Transient Electromagnetic-Thermal Fields
259(1)
13.2 Physical-Mathematical Time-Dependent Partition Model
260(4)
13.3 Validation of Model: Simulation and Experiments
264(9)
13.3.1 Simulation and Experimental Setup
265(1)
13.3.2 Results and Discussion
266(7)
14 Unsupervised Sparse Pattern Diagnostic of Defects with ECPT
14.1 Methodology
273(5)
14.1.1 Background
273(1)
14.1.2 ECPT for Defect Detection
274(2)
14.1.3 Relationship Between Excitation System, Heating Phase, and Cooling Phase With Respect to Material Variation
276(1)
14.1.4 Detectability
276(1)
14.1.5 Multiphase Analysis
277(1)
14.2 Physics-based Data Analytics
278(4)
14.2.1 Observation Model
278(1)
14.2.2 General Principle of Pattern Extraction
279(1)
14.2.3 Sparse Pattern Extraction
279(3)
14.3 Experimental Studies
282(2)
14.3.1 ECPT Experimental Platform
282(1)
14.3.2 Probability of Defect Detection
283(1)
14.4 Results and Discussion
284(11)
14.4.1 Influence of Phase Selection
284(2)
14.4.2 Impact of Sparse Pattern Extraction
286(2)
14.4.3 Impact of Detectability of Contamination Levels of Material
288(2)
14.4.4 Industrial Application: Micronatural Crack Detection
290(5)
15 Multidimensional Tensor-Based ECPT for Wind Turbine Gear Inspection
15.1 NDT, CM, and SHM of Wind Turbines
295(2)
15.2 Methodology
297(4)
15.2.1 Brief Introduction of ECPT
297(1)
15.2.2 Thermal Optical Flow Model
297(2)
15.2.3 Integration of TOF and Tensor Models
299(2)
15.3 Experimental Studies
301(10)
15.3.1 ECPT and Tensor
302(4)
15.3.2 Validation Study Using Barkhausen Noise
306(2)
15.3.3 Advantages and Limits
308(3)
16 Physics-Based Modeling and Pattern Mining of ECPT
16.1 Methodology
311(5)
16.1.1 Background
311(2)
16.1.2 Interpretation of Electromagnetic Thermal Patterns
313(3)
16.2 Modeling and Mining of Thermal Patterns in the Spatial, Time, Frequency, and Sparse Domains
316(3)
16.2.1 Model
316(3)
16.2.2 Thermal Pattern Mining
319(1)
16.3 Results and Discussion
319(8)
16.3.1 Setup
319(1)
16.3.2 Results
320(4)
16.3.3 Discussion
324(3)
References 327(16)
Index 343
Dr. He is a lecturer in National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), China. He is also IEEE member and ASNT member. He has published more than 30 papers on peer-reviewed journals and conferences, in which 8 papers have arrived into global 10% and 1 paper has been awarded as highly cited paper in Essential Science Indicators (ESI). Professor, School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China Assistant Professor, Mechatronics Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, PO Box 10, 50728 Kuala Lumpur Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Architecture Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
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