| Foreword |
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xviii | |
| Preface |
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xx | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xxii | |
| How to Read a Research Article |
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xxiv | |
| Section 1 Introduction to Victimology |
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1 | (13) |
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1 | (1) |
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The History of Victimology: Before the Victims' Rights Movement |
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1 | (1) |
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The Role of the Victim in Crime: Victim Precipitation, Victim Facilitation, and Victim Provocation |
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2 | (4) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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The History of Victimology: The Victims' Rights Movement |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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The Civil Rights Movement |
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6 | (1) |
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Contributions of the Victims' Rights Movement |
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7 | (2) |
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Early Programs for Crime Victims |
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7 | (1) |
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Development of Victim Organizations |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (2) |
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9 | (1) |
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The Causes of Victimization |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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The Crime Victim and the Criminal Justice System |
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10 | (1) |
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The Crime Victim and Social Services |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
| Section 2 Extent, Theories, and Factors of Victimization |
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14 | (57) |
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15 | (4) |
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15 | (1) |
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Advantages and Disadvantages |
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15 | (1) |
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Crime as Measured by the UCR |
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15 | (1) |
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National Incident-Based Reporting System |
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16 | (1) |
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The National Crime Victimization Survey |
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16 | (3) |
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Extent of Crime Victimization |
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17 | (1) |
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The Typical Victimization and Victim |
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18 | (1) |
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The International Crime Victims Survey |
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19 | (1) |
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Theories and Explanations of Victimization |
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19 | (8) |
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The Link Between Victimization and Offending |
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19 | (1) |
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Victim and Offender Characteristics |
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19 | (1) |
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Explaining the Link Between Victimization and Offending |
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20 | (1) |
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Routine Activities and Lifestyles Theory |
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20 | (2) |
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Structural and Social Process Factors |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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Exposure to Delinquent Peers |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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Social Interactionist Perspective |
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24 | (1) |
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The Life-Course Perspective |
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24 | (2) |
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The General Theory of Crime |
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24 | (2) |
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Age-Graded Theory of Adult Social Bonds |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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The Role of Alcohol in Victimization |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (2) |
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1 Sexual Harassment Victimization During Emerging Adulthood: A Test of Routine Activities Theory and a General Theory of Crime |
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31 | (13) |
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Tests routine activities theory and the general theory of crime to see if they apply to sexual harassment victimization. |
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2 Specifying the Influence of Family and Peers on Violent Victimization: Extending Routine Activities and Lifestyles Theories |
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44 | (11) |
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Extends the routine activities and lifestyles theory perspectives to examine how the peer and family contexts impact the risk of violent victimization. |
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3 Gang Membership as a Risk Factor for Adolescent Violent Victimization |
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55 | (17) |
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Examines how gang membership increases risk of violent victimization, not just as a risk factor for participation in crime. |
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| Section 3 Consequences of Victimization |
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71 | (45) |
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71 | (1) |
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Mental Health Consequences and Costs |
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72 | (3) |
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder |
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73 | (1) |
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Self-Blame and Learned Helplessness |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (2) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Pain, Suffering, and Lost Quality of Life |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (3) |
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Extent of Recurring Victimization |
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79 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Recurring Victimization |
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80 | (1) |
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Theoretical Explanations of Recurring Victimization |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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1 Costs of Juvenile Crime in Urban Areas: A Longitudinal Perspective |
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87 | (14) |
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Assesses the monetary costs of crime among a sample of juvenile male offenders in Pittsburgh. |
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2 The Violent and Sexual Victimization of College Women: Is Repeat Victimization a Problem? |
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101 | (9) |
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Explores the repeat victimization that occurs among college women over one academic year. |
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3 Assessment of PTSD Symptoms in a Community Exposed to Serial Murder |
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110 | (6) |
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Analysis of PTSD among community members who lived in an area in which a serial murderer had killed five college students. |
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| Section 4 Victims' Rights and Remedies |
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116 | (53) |
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116 | (4) |
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Common Victims' Rights Given by State |
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116 | (2) |
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117 | (1) |
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Participation and Consultation |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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Issues With Victims' Rights |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (4) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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Remedies and Rights in Court |
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124 | (5) |
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124 | (2) |
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Victim/Witness Assistance Programs |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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Victim-Offender Mediation Programs |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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1 The Efficacy of Expectancy Disconfirmation in Explaining Crime Victim Satisfaction With the Police |
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132 | (11) |
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Christopher O.L.H. Porter |
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Uses the theory of expectancy disconfirmation-the difference between what is expected to happen and what does happen-to explain satisfaction with the police among crime victims. |
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2 Victim Rights and New Remedies: Finally Getting Victims Their Due |
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143 | (7) |
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Describes the most common types of rights afforded to victims and identifies new trends in victims' rights. |
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3 Participation in Victim-Offender Mediation: Lessons Learned From Observations |
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150 | (20) |
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Provides an overview of victim-offender mediation programs and investigates the barriers to their success. |
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| Section 5 Sexual Victimization |
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169 | (62) |
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What Is Sexual Victimization? |
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170 | (3) |
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170 | (1) |
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Sexual Victimization Other Than Rape |
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171 | (2) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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Measurement and Extent of Sexual Victimization |
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173 | (2) |
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173 | (1) |
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National Crime Victimization Survey |
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173 | (1) |
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National Violence Against Women Survey |
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173 | (1) |
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Sexual Experiences Survey |
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173 | (1) |
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National College Women Sexual Victimization Study |
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174 | (1) |
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National Study of Drug or Alcohol Facilitated, Incapacitated, and Forcible Rape |
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174 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for and Characteristics of Sexual Victimization |
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175 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Sexual Victimization |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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Responses to Sexual Victimization |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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Resistance/Self-Protective Action |
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177 | (1) |
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Consequences of Sexual Victimization |
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177 | (2) |
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Physical, Emotional, and Psychological Effects |
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178 | (1) |
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Behavioral and Relationship Effects |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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Recurring Sexual Victimization |
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178 | (1) |
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Legal and Criminal Justice Responses to Sexual Victimization |
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179 | (5) |
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Legal Aspects of Sexual Victimization |
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179 | (1) |
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Violence Against Women Act (1994) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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Sex Offender Registration and Notification |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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Prosecuting Rape and Sexual Assault |
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183 | (1) |
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Prevention and Intervention |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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1 The Effectiveness of Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) Programs: A Review of Psychological, Medical, Legal, and Community Outcomes |
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188 | (16) |
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Provides a historical overview of the development of SANE programs and discusses their effectiveness. |
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2 Reflections on a Rape Trial: The Role of Rape Myths and Jury Selection in the Outcome of a Trial |
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204 | (13) |
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Shepherd uses her experience as a juror on a rape case to highlight how rape myths shape case outcomes. |
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3 Alcohol-Related Sexual Assault: A Common Problem Among College Students |
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217 | (17) |
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Reviews the literature on the link between alcohol and sexual assault victimization and perpetration among college students. |
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| Section 6 Intimate Partner Violence |
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231 | (55) |
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Defining Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse |
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232 | (2) |
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234 | (2) |
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National Crime Victimization Survey |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (2) |
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National Violence Against Women Survey |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (3) |
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Gender and Intimate Partner Violence |
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236 | (1) |
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Special Case: Same-Sex Intimate Partner Violence |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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Risk Factors and Theories for Intimate Partner Violence |
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239 | (2) |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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Associating With Known Criminals |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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Psychological/Emotional Outcomes |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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Why Women Do Not Leave Abusive Relationships |
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242 | (1) |
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Criminal Justice System Responses to Intimate Partner Violence |
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243 | (3) |
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243 | (2) |
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245 | (1) |
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Legal and Community Responses |
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246 | (2) |
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246 | (1) |
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Domestic Violence Shelters |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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1 Conflict and Control: Gender Symmetry and Asymmetry in Domestic Violence |
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251 | (12) |
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Describes multiple types of intimate partner violence and discusses how each can be defined by who is controlling and who is violent in the relationship, recognizing that sometimes it is both parties. Incorporates gender symmetry and asymmetry within the discussion. |
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2 Risky Relationships? Assortative Mating and Women's Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence |
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263 | (12) |
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Assesses why incarcerated women are at high risk of having experienced intimate partner violence by using two perspectives: risky lifestyles and assortative mating. |
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3 When "Enough Is Enough": Battered Women's Decision Making Around Court Orders of Protection |
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275 | (11) |
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Investigates why women choose to get orders of protection through the use of victim accounts and statistics. |
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| Section 7 Victimization at the Beginning and End of Life: Child and Elder Abuse |
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286 | (56) |
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286 | (10) |
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What Is Child Maltreatment? |
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287 | (1) |
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Measurement and Extent of Child Maltreatment |
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288 | (2) |
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Who Are Victims of Child Maltreatment? |
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290 | (1) |
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Who Perpetrates Child Maltreatment? |
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290 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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Consequences of Child Maltreatment |
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292 | (1) |
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Physical, Cognitive, and Developmental Effects |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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Effect on Criminality and Other Behaviors |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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Responses to Child Maltreatment |
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293 | (3) |
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293 | (2) |
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Criminal Justice System Response |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (7) |
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What Is Elder Maltreatment? |
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296 | (1) |
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Measurement and Extent of Elder Maltreatment |
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297 | (2) |
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Reports From Adult Protective Services |
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298 | (1) |
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Estimates Derived From Surveys |
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298 | (1) |
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Special Case: Elder Maltreatment in Institutions |
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298 | (1) |
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Special Case: Intimate Partner Violence of Older Women |
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299 | (1) |
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Who Are Victims of Elder Maltreatment? |
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299 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Elder Maltreatment Victimization |
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299 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Elder Maltreatment |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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Routine Activities Theory |
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300 | (1) |
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Responses to Elder Maltreatment |
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301 | (5) |
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301 | (1) |
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Criminal Justice System Response |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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1 The Role of Fathers in Risk for Physical Child Abuse and Neglect: Possible Pathways and Unanswered Questions |
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306 | (16) |
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Discusses the important role fathers play in cases of physical child abuse and neglect. |
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2 Testing the Cycle of Violence Hypothesis: Child Abuse and Adolescent Dating Violence as Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence in Young Adulthood |
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322 | (12) |
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Investigates the link between experiencing childhood abuse, adolescent dating violence victimization, and intimate partner perpetration and victimization in adulthood. |
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3 The Epidemiology of Violence Against the Elderly: Implications for Primary and Secondary Prevention |
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334 | (8) |
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Compares the characteristics of homicides, robberies, and assaults of community-dwelling persons aged 65 years and older with those of persons younger than 65 years. Provides an overview of incidents occurring in nursing homes as well. |
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| Section 8 Victimization of Special Populations |
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342 | (58) |
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Victimization of Persons With Disabilities |
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342 | (2) |
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Defining Persons With Disabilities |
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343 | (1) |
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Extent of Victimization of Persons With Disabilities |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (2) |
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Violence Against Women With Disabilities |
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345 | (1) |
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Victimization of Youth With Disabilities |
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346 | (1) |
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Patterns of Victimization |
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346 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Victimization for Persons With Disabilities |
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347 | (1) |
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Responses to Victims With Disabilities |
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348 | (2) |
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Victimization of Persons With Mental Illness |
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350 | (4) |
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350 | (1) |
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Extent and Type of Victimization of Persons With Mental Illness |
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350 | (2) |
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Why Are Persons With Mental Illness at Risk for Victimization? |
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352 | (1) |
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Responses to Victims With Mental Illness |
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353 | (1) |
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Victimization of the Incarcerated |
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354 | (6) |
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The Extent of Victimization of People in Jail and Prison |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Victimization While Incarcerated |
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355 | (1) |
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Previous History of Victimization |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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Special Case: Sexual Victimization of Incarcerated Persons |
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356 | (2) |
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Who Is Sexually Victimized? |
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357 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Sexual Victimization in Prison and Jail |
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357 | (1) |
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Responses to Victimization in Prison |
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358 | (5) |
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358 | (1) |
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358 | (2) |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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1 Partner Violence Against Women With Disabilities: Prevalence, Risk, and Explanations |
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363 | (13) |
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Investigates the extent to which women with disabilities are the victims of intimate partner violence. |
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2 Mental Disorder and Violent Victimization: The Mediating Role of Involvement in Conflicted Social Relationships |
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376 | (12) |
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Examines the link between mental disorder and victimization and how involvement in conflicted relationships mediates this relationship. |
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3 Patterns of Victimization Among Male and Female Inmates: Evidence of an Enduring Legacy |
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388 | (13) |
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Explores the risk of victimization among male and female inmates in 13 prisons in a single state. |
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| Section 9 Victimization at School and Work |
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400 | (81) |
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400 | (1) |
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Victimization at School: Grades K-12 |
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401 | (6) |
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402 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for School Victimization |
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402 | (1) |
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403 | (1) |
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403 | (2) |
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Psychosocial Effects of Bullying Victimization |
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404 | (1) |
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Violent Effects of Bullying Victimization |
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404 | (1) |
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Responses to School Victimization |
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405 | (2) |
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Victimization at School: College |
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407 | (4) |
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407 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Victimization at College |
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408 | (1) |
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Lifestyle/Routine Activities |
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408 | (1) |
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409 | (1) |
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Responses to Campus Victimization |
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409 | (2) |
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409 | (2) |
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Campus Police and Security Measures |
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411 | (1) |
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411 | (6) |
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Definition of Workplace Victimization |
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412 | (1) |
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Extent of Workplace Victimization |
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412 | (1) |
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Who Is Victimized at Work? |
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413 | (1) |
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Demographic Characteristics of Victims |
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413 | (1) |
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Occupations With Greatest Risk |
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413 | (1) |
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Special Case: Fatal Workplace Victimization |
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413 | (2) |
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Demographic Characteristics of Victims |
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414 | (1) |
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Occupations and Workplaces With Greatest Risk |
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414 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Victimization at Work |
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415 | (1) |
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Consequences of Workplace Victimization |
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415 | (1) |
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Responses to Workplace Victimization |
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415 | (5) |
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416 | (1) |
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Legislation and Regulation |
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417 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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1 Traditional Bullying, Cyber Bullying, and Deviance: A General St rain Theory Approach |
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420 | (13) |
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Assesses the effects of bullying on both male and female youth through a general strain theory lens. |
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2 A Multidimensional Examination of Campus Safety: Victimization, Perceptions of Danger, Worry About Crime, and Precautionary Behavior Among College Women in the Post-Clery Era |
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433 | (21) |
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Examines college women's actual sexual assault, sexual coercion, physical assault, and stalking victimization experiences along with their assessments of campus risk, worry about crime, and precautionary behaviors. |
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3 Characteristics of Violence in State Government |
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454 | (9) |
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Analysis of individual characteristics, job classifications, and perpetrators in workplace violence incidents that occurred in state government agencies and universities in North Carolina. |
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4 Sexual Harassment at Work: A Decade (Plus) of Progress |
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463 | (18) |
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Reviews the literature covering the antecedents (individual and organizational) and responses to sexual harassment. |
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| Section 10 Property and Identity Theft Victimization |
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481 | (62) |
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481 | (8) |
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481 | (2) |
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482 | (1) |
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482 | (1) |
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482 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Theft Victimization |
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482 | (1) |
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483 | (4) |
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Extent of Motor Vehicle Theft Victimization |
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483 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Motor Vehicle Theft Victimization |
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483 | (1) |
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Who Are Motor Vehicle Theft Victims? |
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484 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Motor Vehicle Theft Victimization |
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485 | (1) |
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Response to Motor Vehicle Theft |
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486 | (1) |
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487 | (2) |
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Extent of Household Burglary |
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487 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Household Burglary |
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488 | (1) |
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What Households Are Burglarized? |
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488 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Household Burglary |
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489 | (1) |
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489 | (10) |
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Extent of Identify Theft Victimization |
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491 | (1) |
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Who Is Victimized by Identify Theft? |
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492 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Identity Theft Victimizations |
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492 | (1) |
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Consequences of Identity Theft |
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493 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Identity Theft Victimization |
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494 | (1) |
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Responses to Identity Theft Victimization |
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494 | (2) |
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496 | (1) |
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497 | (1) |
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498 | (1) |
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498 | (1) |
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1 Auto Theft: A Site-Survey and Analysis of Environmental Crime Factors in Atlantic City, NJ |
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499 | (17) |
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Identifies characteristics about places in Atlantic City, New Jersey, that contribute to the risk of repeat auto theft occurring. |
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2 Linking Burglary and Target Hardening at the Property Level: New Insights Into Victimization and Burglary Protection |
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516 | (13) |
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Evaluates the effectiveness of a widespread target-hardening program to reduce burglary in the city of Liverpool, North West England. |
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3 Routine Online Activity and Internet Fraud Targeting: Extending the Generality of Routine Activity Theory |
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529 | (14) |
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Investigates the utility of routine activities theory in explaining Internet fraud victimization. |
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| Section 11 Contemporary Issues in Victimology: Victims of Hate Crimes, Human Trafficking, and Terrorism |
|
543 | (56) |
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543 | (8) |
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What Is Hate Crime Victimization? |
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544 | (1) |
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Extent of Hate Crime Victimization |
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545 | (1) |
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Who Are Hate Crime Victims? |
|
|
545 | (1) |
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Individual Characteristics |
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|
545 | (1) |
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Type of Hate Crime Victimization Experienced |
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|
545 | (1) |
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Special Case: Sexual-Orientation-Bias-Motivated Hate Crime Victimization |
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546 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Hate Crime Victimizations |
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547 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Hate Crime Victimization |
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548 | (1) |
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Consequences of Hate Crime Victimization |
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549 | (1) |
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Consequences for Individuals |
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549 | (1) |
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Consequences for the Community |
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|
549 | (1) |
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Responses to Hate Crime Victimization |
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549 | (2) |
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549 | (2) |
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Criminal Justice System Response |
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|
551 | (1) |
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Victims of Human Trafficking |
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|
551 | (6) |
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What Is Human Trafficking? |
|
|
552 | (1) |
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Extent of Human Trafficking |
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553 | (1) |
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554 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Human Trafficking |
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554 | (1) |
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554 | (1) |
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Country-Level Risk Factors |
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|
555 | (1) |
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Consequences for Victims of Human Trafficking |
|
|
555 | (1) |
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Response to Human Trafficking Victims |
|
|
555 | (2) |
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|
|
555 | (1) |
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United States Governmental/Criminal Justice Response |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
|
557 | (1) |
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|
|
557 | (6) |
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Extent of Terrorism Victimization |
|
|
557 | (1) |
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Who Are Victims of Terrorism? |
|
|
558 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Terrorism Victimizations |
|
|
558 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Terrorism Victimization |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
Consequences of Terrorism on Victims |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
Responses to Victims of Terrorism |
|
|
561 | (2) |
|
|
|
563 | (1) |
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564 | (1) |
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|
564 | (1) |
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|
565 | (1) |
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1 Hate Crimes and Stigma-Related Experiences Among Sexual Minority Adults in the United States: Prevalence Estimates From a National Probability Sample |
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|
566 | (9) |
|
|
|
Generates national estimates of the extent of violence and stigma-related experiences of gay, lesbian, and bisexual adults. |
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2 Human Trafficking in Scotland, 2007/08 |
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|
575 | (11) |
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|
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Details the problem of and response to human trafficking in Scotland based on interviews conducted with persons working in agencies designed to assist victims of human trafficking. |
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|
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3 Gender Differences in Fear of Terrorism |
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|
586 | (13) |
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|
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Investigates whether males and females differ in their levels of fear, avoidance behaviors, and information-seeking behaviors in relation to terrorism. |
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|
| Glossary |
|
599 | (7) |
| References |
|
606 | (16) |
| Index |
|
622 | (18) |
| About the Editor |
|
640 | |
