|
|
ix | |
Preface |
|
xi | |
Abbreviations, Constants, and Nomenclature |
|
xiii | |
|
1 The Climate of the Earth |
|
|
1 | (30) |
|
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
1.2 General Atmospheric Circulation |
|
|
3 | (3) |
|
|
6 | (66) |
|
|
72 | |
|
1.5 Temperate Latitude Climates |
|
|
16 | (4) |
|
|
20 | (11) |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
|
25 | (5) |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
2 Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere |
|
|
31 | (44) |
|
|
2.1 Creation of the Planets and Their Earliest Atmospheres |
|
|
34 | (3) |
|
2.2 Earth's Atmosphere before Life Began |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
2.3 Comparison of Venus, Earth, and Mars |
|
|
38 | (3) |
|
2.4 Life and Earth's Atmosphere |
|
|
41 | (6) |
|
2.5 Carbon Dioxide in Earth's Atmosphere |
|
|
47 | (3) |
|
2.6 The Rise of Oxygen Concentrations |
|
|
50 | (10) |
|
2.7 Protection of Life from Ultraviolet Radiation |
|
|
60 | (4) |
|
2.8 The Great Oxidation Event and Related Issues |
|
|
64 | (4) |
|
|
68 | (7) |
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
|
69 | (5) |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
3 Atmospheric Energy and the Structure of the Atmosphere |
|
|
75 | (40) |
|
|
3.1 The Vertical Structure of Earth's Atmosphere |
|
|
75 | (2) |
|
3.2 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation |
|
|
77 | (5) |
|
3.3 Solar Radiation, Ozone, and the Stratospheric Temperature Profile |
|
|
82 | (3) |
|
3.4 Trapping of Longwave Radiation |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
3.5 A Simple Model of Radiation Transfer |
|
|
85 | (5) |
|
|
90 | (6) |
|
3.7 Conduction, Convection, and Sensible and Latent Heat |
|
|
96 | (7) |
|
3.8 Energy Budget for Earth's Atmosphere |
|
|
103 | (3) |
|
3.9 Aerosols, Clouds, and Climate |
|
|
106 | (3) |
|
3.10 Solar Radiation and the Biosphere |
|
|
109 | (2) |
|
|
111 | (4) |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
|
112 | (2) |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
|
115 | (44) |
|
|
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
|
119 | (5) |
|
|
124 | (8) |
|
|
132 | (2) |
|
|
134 | (8) |
|
|
142 | (10) |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
|
153 | (6) |
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
|
154 | (3) |
|
|
157 | (2) |
|
5 Tropospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution |
|
|
159 | (44) |
|
|
|
5.1 Sources of Trace Gases in the Atmosphere |
|
|
159 | (5) |
|
5.2 Key Processes in Tropospheric Chemistry |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
5.3 Initiation of Photochemistry by Light |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
5.4 Tropospheric Oxidation Chemistry |
|
|
166 | (12) |
|
5.5 Night-Time Oxidation Chemistry |
|
|
178 | (4) |
|
|
182 | (5) |
|
5.7 Air Pollution and Urban Chemistry |
|
|
187 | (8) |
|
|
195 | (8) |
|
|
197 | (2) |
|
|
199 | (3) |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
6 Cloud Formation and Chemistry |
|
|
203 | (30) |
|
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
|
204 | (3) |
|
6.3 Particle Size and Water Content |
|
|
207 | (2) |
|
6.4 Dissolved Solids in Cloud Water and Rainfall |
|
|
209 | (2) |
|
|
211 | (8) |
|
6.6 Reactions and Photochemistry |
|
|
219 | (5) |
|
6.7 Radical and Photochemical Reactions |
|
|
224 | (3) |
|
|
227 | (6) |
|
|
228 | (3) |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
|
231 | (2) |
|
7 Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere |
|
|
233 | (38) |
|
|
|
235 | (10) |
|
|
245 | (9) |
|
7.3 The Role of Atmospheric Particles |
|
|
254 | (8) |
|
|
262 | (3) |
|
|
265 | (6) |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
|
267 | (4) |
|
8 Stratospheric Chemistry and Ozone Depletion |
|
|
271 | (28) |
|
|
|
|
272 | (3) |
|
8.2 Physical Structure of the Stratosphere |
|
|
275 | (7) |
|
8.3 Gas-Phase Chemistry of the Stratosphere |
|
|
282 | (5) |
|
8.4 Aerosols and Clouds in the Stratosphere |
|
|
287 | (3) |
|
8.5 Heterogeneous Chemistry of the Stratosphere |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
8.6 Future Perturbations to the Stratosphere |
|
|
291 | (4) |
|
|
295 | (4) |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
296 | (3) |
|
9 Boundary Layer Meteorology and Atmospheric Dispersion |
|
|
299 | (32) |
|
|
|
9.1 The Atmospheric Boundary Layer |
|
|
299 | (8) |
|
|
307 | (5) |
|
9.3 The Urban Boundary Layer |
|
|
312 | (7) |
|
9.4 Dispersion of Pollutants |
|
|
319 | (7) |
|
|
326 | (5) |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
327 | (2) |
|
|
329 | (2) |
|
|
331 | (36) |
|
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
10.2 Urban Air Pollution - A Brief History |
|
|
331 | (2) |
|
10.3 Scale of Urban Air Pollution |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
10.4 Air Pollutants and Their Sources in the Urban Atmosphere |
|
|
334 | (5) |
|
10.5 From Emissions to Airborne Concentrations |
|
|
339 | (4) |
|
|
343 | (6) |
|
|
349 | (12) |
|
|
361 | (6) |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
365 | (2) |
|
11 Global Warming and Climate Change Science |
|
|
367 | (32) |
|
|
|
|
11.1 Historical Evidence of the Impact of Human Activities on Climate |
|
|
369 | (10) |
|
11.2 Future Outlook of Climate Change |
|
|
379 | (7) |
|
11.3 The Integrated Science Assessment Modelling (ISAM) |
|
|
386 | (7) |
|
11.4 Potential Impacts of Climate Change |
|
|
393 | (2) |
|
|
395 | (4) |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
396 | (3) |
Appendix: Suggested Web Resources |
|
399 | (2) |
Index |
|
401 | |