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El. knyga: Criminals in the Making: Criminality Across the Life Course

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  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 10-Feb-2014
  • Leidėjas: SAGE Publications Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781483355214
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  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 10-Feb-2014
  • Leidėjas: SAGE Publications Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781483355214
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Why do individuals exposed to the same environment turn out so differently, with some engaging in crime and others abiding by societal rules and norms? Why are males involved in violent crime more often than females? And why do the precursors of serious pathological behavior typically emerge in childhood? This fascinating text addresses key questions surrounding criminal propensity by discussing studies of the life-course perspectivecriminological research that links biological factors associated with criminality with the social and environmental agents thought to cause, facilitate, or otherwise influence a tendency towards criminal activity. The book provides comprehensive, interdisciplinary coverage of the current thinking in the field about criminal behavior over the course of a lifetime. Additionally, it highlights interventions proven effective and illustrates how the life-course perspective has contributed to a greater understanding of the causes of crime.
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv
Chapter 1 Life Course Criminology 1(13)
Life Course Criminology
1(1)
Origins of Life Course Criminology
2(1)
Career Criminal Approach
3(1)
What Is Life Course Criminology?
3(1)
Concepts and Issues in Life Course Criminology
4(3)
Life Course Theories of Criminal Behavior
7(1)
Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime
7(1)
Sampson and Laub's Age-Graded Theory of Social Control
8(1)
Developmental Trajectories and Typologies of Offenders
8(3)
Moffitt's Theory of Adolescent-Limited and Life Course-Persistent Delinquents
9(1)
Patterson's Early and Late Starters
10(1)
Life Course Criminality
11(3)
Chapter 2 The Stability of Criminal and Analogous Behaviors 14(16)
What Do We Mean by Stability of Criminal Behavior?
15(1)
How Is Stability of Criminal Behavior Measured?
16(3)
Issues Related to Measurement of Stability
19(3)
Modes of Stability
19(1)
Homotypic and Heterotypic Indicators
20(1)
Law of Longitudinal Relationships
21(1)
Empirical Findings on Stability
22(5)
Review of Stability of Problem Behavior
27(2)
Conclusion
29(1)
Chapter 3 Continuity in Antisocial Potential 30(18)
Continuity
31(1)
Heterotypic, Homotypic, and Cumulative Continuity
32(2)
State Dependence and Heterogeneity
34(2)
Sources of Continuity
36(2)
Genetic Continuity
38(1)
Person-Environment Interactions
39(8)
Evocative Person-Environment Interactions
40(1)
Proactive Person-Environment Interactions
40(3)
Reactive Person-Environment Interactions
43(4)
Conclusion
47(1)
Chapter 4 Genetics and Crime 48(17)
Early Biological Explanations
48(2)
Biological Rejection
50(1)
New Study of Biology and Behavior
51(1)
Behavioral Genetic Study of Criminality
52(12)
Behavioral Genetic Models
53(3)
Early Findings From Twin and Adoption Studies
56(1)
Contemporary Studies
57(7)
Conclusion
64(1)
Chapter 5 Introduction to Brain Structure and Basic Functions-Part I: The Hindbrain, Midbrain, and Limbic Structures in the Development of Criminality 65(21)
Brain Development and Structure
66(19)
Hindbrain Structure and Function
67(3)
Midbrain Structure and Function
70(1)
Structures of the Subcortical (Limbic) Region
71(14)
Conclusion
85(1)
Chapter 6 Introduction to Brain Structure and Basic Functions-Part II: Forebrain Formation, Trauma, and Criminal Behavior 86(19)
Forebrain: Cortical Region
86(18)
Lateralization and the Corpus Callosum
87(2)
Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
89(9)
Explaining Neural Darwinism: Pruning of Neural Pathways
98(6)
Conclusion
104(1)
Chapter 7 Concepts and Issues in Neuropsychological Functioning 105(29)
Brain Structure and Functioning of the Nervous System
106(18)
Nervous System
106(4)
Neurons and Their Working Environment
110(3)
Synapses and Formation of Synaptic Paths
113(3)
Neurotransmitters
116(8)
Nervous System Functioning and Criminality
124(1)
Hormones and Their Effect on Physiology and Behavior
124(3)
Integrating Concepts of Physiology and Environment
127(6)
Conclusion
133(1)
Chapter 8 Sex Differences in Brain Processes and Laterality 134(18)
Sex Differences in Hemispheric Lateralization
136(7)
Effects of Androgens and Hormones
143(3)
Developmental Theory for Sex Differences in Criminality
146(5)
Conclusion
151(1)
Chapter 9 Special Topics in the Life Course: Psychopathy, Early Onset, and Drug Influences on Criminality 152(19)
Psychopathy
152(3)
Defining Psychopathy
152(2)
Research Regarding Psychopaths
154(1)
Early Onset
155(6)
Introduction to Early Onset
156(1)
Defining Measurement and Prevalence of Early Onset
156(1)
Theoretical Frameworks Regarding Perinatal and Developmental Causes of Onset
157(2)
Physiological and Environmental Factors Associated With Early Onset
159(2)
Drugs and Brain Functioning
161(10)
How Drugs Affect Brain Functioning
161(2)
How Drugs Affect the Brain and Physiological Functioning
163(6)
Section Summary
169(2)
Chapter 10 Individuals and Their Social World 171(24)
Variation Left Unexplained by Genetic Influences
171(3)
Changing Nature of Genetic Influences
172(1)
Heritability Estimates Differ Across Environments and Populations
173(1)
Brain Plasticity Is Environmentally Influenced
174(2)
Humans Are Neither Blank Slates nor Fully Developed at Birth
175(1)
Correlation and Interaction Between Genes and Environment
176(3)
Gene-Environment Correlations
176(3)
Developmental Risk Factors
179(12)
Prenatal and Perinatal Factors and the Environment
179(3)
Prenatal Care
182(1)
Perinatal and Infancy Events
183(1)
Exposure to Lead and Other Heavy Metals
184(3)
Attention Deficit Disorder/Attention Hyperactivity Disorder
187(1)
Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder
188(1)
Activity of Nervous System: Sensation Seeking
188(2)
Deficits in Neuropsychological Functioning
190(1)
Individuals in Their Environment
191(4)
Participation in Peer Networks
191(1)
Individuals and the Family Environment
192(3)
Chapter 11 Families and Crime 195(11)
Family-Crime Connection
196(3)
Rethinking the Parent-Crime Link
199(6)
What Do "Bad" Parents Look Like?
200(1)
Recognizing the Limits of Parents
201(2)
Biosocial Understanding of Parenting
203(2)
Conclusion
205(1)
Chapter 12 Prepubescence: Infancy and Childhood 206(28)
What Do We Mean by Problem Behavior in Infancy and Childhood?
207(1)
Prevalence and Frequency of Problem Behavior in Infancy and Early Childhood
208(5)
Continuity in Problem Behavior Over Time
213(21)
Boys and Girls
217(1)
Contemporary Understanding of Initial Differences
217(2)
Development Across Childhood
219(3)
Physical Growth
222(1)
Brain Development in Context
223(4)
Language Development
227(4)
Social Development
231(3)
Chapter 13 Postpubescence: Adolescence and Adulthood 234(24)
What Is Adolescence, and Why Include Adulthood?
235(2)
Sexual Maturation and Human Development
237(1)
Effects of Sexual Maturation
238(4)
Timing Within Transitional Periods
240(1)
Accentuation During Transitional Periods
241(1)
Perturbation
241(1)
Adolescent Development
242(10)
Choice and Structure of Life
244(1)
Brain Development, Choice, and Adolescent Functioning
245(3)
Adolescent Decision Making
248(4)
Adult Criminals
252(2)
A Note on Desistance
254(4)
Chapter 14 Policy Recommendations 258(7)
Contextual Factors
258(2)
Remove Environmental Toxins
258(1)
Share Information Across Service Providers
259(1)
Parenting Classes for All Serious Felons
259(1)
Do Away With the Current Child Welfare System
259(1)
Rework the Foster Care System
259(1)
Victim Counseling
259(1)
Better Training and Education of Justice Professionals
260(1)
Later School Hours
260(1)
Continued Research Into Pharmaceutical Therapies for Behavioral Disorders
260(1)
Prior to Birth
260(1)
Health Care, Including Mental Health Care, for Pregnant Women and Infants
260(1)
Legally Mandated Intervention for Drug-Addicted Pregnant Women
261(1)
At Birth
261(1)
Intensive Social Work for High-Risk Pregnancies
261(1)
After Birth
261(1)
Systematic Early Intervention
261(1)
Flagging at-Risk Kids in Doctors' Offices
261(1)
Training for Parents
261(1)
Child Development
262(1)
Universal Preschool With Full Developmental Evaluations
262(1)
Males and Females Are Different
262(1)
Adolescence
262(1)
Free Mental Health and Drug Counseling
262(1)
Zero Tolerance Is Foolish
263(1)
Juvenile Justice System Should Hold Youths Accountable and Try to Rehabilitate Them
263(1)
Adulthood
263(1)
Treatment and Punishment
263(1)
Caveats
263(1)
Closing Thoughts
264(1)
References 265(33)
Index 298(12)
About the Authors 310
John Paul Wright is Professor of Criminal Justice in the Division of Criminal Justice at the University of Cincinnati and is Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jedda, Saudia Arabia. Dr. Wright was rated as the most productive associate professor in criminology and was recently evaluated as one of the most cited criminologists in the United States.  He earned his undergraduate degrees in criminology from Indiana State University and his Ph.D. from the University of Cincinnati. He has published over 130 scholarly articles in criminology, psychology, behavioral genetics, and molecular genetics journals and is a frequent lecturer to professional organizations interested in the development of serious, violent offending. The winner of four teaching awards, he teaches in the area of life-course development and biosocial criminology.

Stephen G. Tibbetts, currently a Professor at California State University, San Bernardino, has been pursuing an understanding of criminal offending for over the past two decades. He has attempted to discover the extent to which individuals inherent dispositions and attitudinal traits contribute to their offending decisions, especially in relation to other factors, such as demographic, developmental, and situational factors. Dr. Tibbetts research has included work on the differences between men and women in their decisions to commit deviant behavior, as well as their perceptions of risk and consequences of getting caught. His additional research interests include the effects of perinatal disorders as an influence in future criminality, the etiology of white-collar crime, and gang intervention.  Dr. Tibbetts has published nine books and more than 50 scholarly papers examining various issues in criminology. He received the 2011 Outstanding Professor Award at CSU, San Bernardino. He previously worked extensively as an Officer of the Court in providing recommendations for dispositions of numerous juvenile court cases from 1997 to 2008.

Leah E. Daigle is professor in the Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology in the Andrew Young School of Policy Studies at Georgia State University. She received her PhD in criminal justice from the University of Cincinnati in 2005. Her most recent research is centered on repeat sexual victimization of college women and responses women use during and after being sexually victimized. Her other research interests include the development and continuation of offending and victimization across the life course. She is author of Victimology: A Text/Reader (2nd ed.), Victimology: The Essentials (2nd ed.), coauthor of Criminals in the Making: Criminality Across the Life Course, Victimology, and Unsafe in the Ivory Tower: The Sexual Victimization of College Women, which was awarded the 2011 Outstanding Book Award by the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. She has also published numerous peer-reviewed articles that have appeared in outlets such as Justice Quarterly, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, and Victims and Offenders.