| Preface |
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xxv | |
| About the Authors |
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xxvii | |
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Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Environmental Law |
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1 | (70) |
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Environmental Law as a System |
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1 | (3) |
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Defining the Subject Matter: What Is Environmental Law? |
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4 | (2) |
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How a Federal or State Environmental Law Is Adopted |
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5 | (1) |
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How Environmental Regulations Are Issued |
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5 | (1) |
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Laws That Establish Compliance Obligations |
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6 | (5) |
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6 | (1) |
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State Statutes and Regulations Implementing the Federal Statutes |
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6 | (1) |
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State Laws Independent of the Federal Requirements |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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Environmental Law and Judicial Decisions |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Common Law Environmental Requirements: Torts |
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11 | (11) |
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11 | (6) |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (1) |
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Strict Liability and Dangerous Substances |
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20 | (2) |
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Laws That Enforce Permits, Prohibitions, and Penalties |
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22 | (4) |
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23 | (1) |
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Enforcement Provisions of the Federal and State Environmental Statutes |
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24 | (1) |
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General Purpose Criminal Laws |
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25 | (1) |
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Laws That Define the Environmental Law Framework |
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26 | (32) |
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The Organic Laws: Constitutions and Charters |
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27 | (4) |
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31 | (9) |
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Defining the Limits of Governmental Authority |
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40 | (12) |
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Administrative Law and Procedure |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (4) |
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Joint and Several Liability, Indemnity, and Contribution |
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58 | (2) |
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Environmental Compliance Principles |
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60 | (1) |
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Importance of Knowledge of Environmental Law |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (9) |
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Chapter 2 Enforcement and Liability |
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71 | (70) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (5) |
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75 | (1) |
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Statute-by-Statute Enforcement |
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76 | (1) |
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The Corporate Environmental Endangerment Initiative |
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76 | (1) |
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General Concepts of Enforcement and Liability |
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77 | (4) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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Civil Enforcement and Liability |
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81 | (13) |
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81 | (1) |
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Statute-Specific Principles of Liability and Defense |
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82 | (1) |
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Statutory Standard of Conduct |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (2) |
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Agreed-Upon Principles of Enforcement and Defense |
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85 | (2) |
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Agency Principles and Policies |
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87 | (5) |
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Progression of a Civil Enforcement Proceeding |
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92 | (2) |
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Private Civil Enforcement by Citizen Suits |
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94 | (2) |
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Criminal Enforcement and Liability |
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96 | (13) |
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Approaches and Defenses to Criminal Liability |
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97 | (6) |
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Agency Principles and Policies |
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103 | (2) |
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Progression of an Enforcement Proceeding |
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105 | (4) |
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Avoidance and Mitigation of Environmental Enforcement and Liability |
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109 | (8) |
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Corporate Systems for Environmental Assessment |
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109 | (3) |
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Corporate Systems for Environmental Management |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (3) |
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New Trends in Enforcement and Liability |
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117 | (6) |
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SEC Compliance and Investor Relations |
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117 | (1) |
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Financial Accounting Standards |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (3) |
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Cyclical Environmental Law |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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Technology Brings Its Own Headaches |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (14) |
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Chapter 3 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act |
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141 | (54) |
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141 | (3) |
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Policy Goals and Objectives of RCRA |
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144 | (1) |
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Definition of Solid and Hazardous Waste |
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144 | (1) |
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Subtitle C: Hazardous Waste Management Program |
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145 | (35) |
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Identification of Hazardous Wastes |
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145 | (11) |
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Notification of Hazardous Waste Management Activities |
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156 | (1) |
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Generators of Hazardous Waste |
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156 | (5) |
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Transporters of Hazardous Wastes |
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161 | (1) |
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Treatment, Storage, and Disposal (TSD) Facilities |
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162 | (10) |
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172 | (4) |
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State Hazardous Waste Programs |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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Civil and Criminal Enforcement Actions |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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Enforcement and Compliance History Online |
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179 | (1) |
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State Solid Waste Programs under Subtitle D |
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180 | (1) |
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Federal Facility Compliance |
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180 | (5) |
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Waiver of Sovereign Immunity |
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181 | (1) |
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Federal Employee Protection and Exposure |
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181 | (1) |
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EPA Administrative Orders |
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182 | (1) |
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EPA Annual Inspections of Federal Facilities |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (2) |
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Other Federal Responsibilities |
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185 | (1) |
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Research, Development, Demonstration, and Information |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (9) |
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Chapter 4 Underground Storage Tanks |
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195 | (46) |
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195 | (5) |
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Objectives of the UST Program |
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197 | (3) |
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200 | (3) |
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Underground Storage Tank Systems |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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Implementation and Enforcement |
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203 | (2) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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Summary of Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements |
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205 | (3) |
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205 | (1) |
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Recordkeeping Requirements |
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206 | (2) |
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208 | (4) |
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Notification Requirements |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (4) |
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212 | (2) |
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Notification Requirements |
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212 | (1) |
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Upgrading of Existing UST Systems |
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212 | (1) |
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Enforcement of Upgrade Requirements |
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213 | (1) |
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General Operating Requirements |
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214 | (1) |
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Spill and Overfill Control |
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214 | (1) |
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Operation and Maintenance of Corrosion Protection Systems |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (2) |
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General Requirements and Schedule |
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215 | (1) |
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Methods of Release Detection for Tanks and Piping |
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216 | (1) |
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Specific Requirements for Petroleum USTs |
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216 | (1) |
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Specific Requirements for Hazardous Substance UST Systems |
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217 | (1) |
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Release Reporting, Investigation, and Response |
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217 | (8) |
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217 | (1) |
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Reporting of Suspected Releases |
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218 | (1) |
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Release Investigation and Confirmation |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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Initial Abatement Measures |
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220 | (1) |
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Initial Site Characterization |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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Investigations for Soil and Groundwater Cleanup |
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221 | (1) |
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Reporting and Cleanup of Spills and Overfills |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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Evolving Approach to Petroleum UST Cleanups |
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222 | (2) |
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USTfields Initiative and Recycling Abandoned Gas Stations (RAGS) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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Permanent Closure/Change-in-Service |
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226 | (1) |
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Financial Responsibility Requirements |
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226 | (2) |
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Applicability and Compliance Dates |
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226 | (1) |
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Amount and Scope of Financial Responsibility Required |
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227 | (1) |
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Allowable Financial Responsibility Mechanisms |
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227 | (1) |
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Available State UST Cleanup Funds |
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227 | (1) |
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Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (12) |
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241 | (76) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (56) |
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242 | (14) |
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New Source Control Programs |
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256 | (15) |
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Specific Pollution Problems |
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271 | (17) |
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288 | (10) |
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298 | (6) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (2) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (11) |
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Chapter 6 Clean Water Act |
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317 | (66) |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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Clean Water Act Goals and Policies |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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The Discharge Prohibition |
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319 | (4) |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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Navigable Waters ("Waters of the United States") |
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321 | (2) |
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323 | (21) |
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323 | (1) |
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What Discharges Require an NPDES Permit? |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (3) |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (11) |
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339 | (3) |
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Combined Sewer Overflows and Sanitary Sewer Overflows |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (2) |
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344 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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National Categorical Standards |
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345 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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Pretreatment Program Enforcement |
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346 | (1) |
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Nonpoint-Source Discharges |
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346 | (2) |
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347 | (1) |
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Coastal Zone Management Program |
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347 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (4) |
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Waters within the Scope of the Program |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (2) |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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Potential Liabilities under the Section 404 Program |
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352 | (1) |
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Preventing, Reporting, and Responding to Spills |
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352 | (4) |
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352 | (3) |
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355 | (1) |
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Spill Response and Liability |
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356 | (1) |
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356 | (8) |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (2) |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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Civil Judicial Enforcement |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
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364 | (19) |
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Chapter 7 Oil Pollution Act |
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383 | (76) |
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384 | (2) |
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386 | (1) |
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Title I Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation |
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387 | (3) |
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387 | (3) |
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390 | (3) |
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390 | (1) |
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Removal Costs and Spill Response |
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391 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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393 | (7) |
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395 | (3) |
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Application of NRDA Regulations |
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398 | (2) |
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400 | (2) |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (2) |
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Standard for Limiting OPA Liability |
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402 | (1) |
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Specific Liability Limits |
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403 | (1) |
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Adjustment of Liability Limits |
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404 | (1) |
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Recovery by a Foreign Claimant |
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404 | (1) |
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Recovery by a Responsible Party |
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404 | (1) |
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Contribution and Indemnification |
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405 | (1) |
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Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund |
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405 | (2) |
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406 | (1) |
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Preservation of State Funds |
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406 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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407 | (1) |
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407 | (2) |
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Designation of the Source and Advertisement |
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408 | (1) |
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408 | (1) |
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409 | (3) |
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Calculation of Financial Responsibility Amounts |
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409 | (1) |
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Methods of Demonstrating Financial Responsibility |
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409 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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Financial Responsibility Regulations for Vessels |
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410 | (1) |
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Financial Responsibility for Facilities |
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411 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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Litigation and Jurisdiction |
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412 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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Relationship to Other Laws |
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413 | (3) |
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Preservation of State Oil Spill Liability Law |
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413 | (1) |
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Preservation of Federal Laws |
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413 | (1) |
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Federal Preemption under the Locke Case |
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414 | (2) |
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Title II Conforming Amendments |
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416 | (1) |
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Title III International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal |
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416 | (1) |
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Title IV Prevention and Removal |
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416 | (1) |
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416 | (6) |
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Licensing Requirements and Drug and Alcohol Testing |
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416 | (1) |
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Foreign Tank Vessel Manning Standards |
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417 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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Marine Casualty Reporting |
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418 | (1) |
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Pilotage and Tug Escort Requirements |
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418 | (1) |
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Studies and Regulations (Sections 4107-4113) |
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418 | (1) |
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Double-Hull Requirements for Tank Vessels |
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419 | (3) |
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422 | (9) |
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Federal Removal Authority |
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422 | (1) |
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State and Local Removal Authority |
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423 | (1) |
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423 | (1) |
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National Planning and Response System |
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424 | (1) |
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Vessel and Facility Response Plans |
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425 | (6) |
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431 | (4) |
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431 | (3) |
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434 | (1) |
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Title VII Research and Development Program |
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435 | (1) |
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436 | (23) |
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Chapter 8 Safe Drinking Water Act |
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459 | (80) |
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459 | (1) |
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Background to U.S. Drinking Water Regulation |
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459 | (6) |
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Drinking Water Regulation before the SDWA |
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460 | (1) |
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The 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act |
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460 | (1) |
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The 1986 Amendments to the SDWA |
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461 | (1) |
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The 1996 Amendments to the SDWA |
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461 | (2) |
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463 | (2) |
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The SDWA Regulatory Scheme |
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465 | (7) |
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Federal/State Relationship |
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466 | (1) |
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Primary and Secondary Standards |
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466 | (1) |
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Who Is Regulated-Public Water Systems |
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467 | (2) |
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Classification of Public Water Systems |
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469 | (3) |
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How Drinking Water Is Regulated-Standard Setting |
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472 | (10) |
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Identification and Prioritization of Contaminants for Regulation |
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472 | (4) |
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NPDWR Standard Setting-MCLs and MCLGs |
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476 | (2) |
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Best Available Science-Risk Assessment, Management, and Communication |
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478 | (1) |
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479 | (1) |
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Periodic Review of Existing NPDWRs |
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480 | (1) |
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481 | (1) |
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National Primary Drinking Water Regulations-Significant Regulations |
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482 | (12) |
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Surface Water Treatment Rule |
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483 | (2) |
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485 | (3) |
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Disinfection and Disinfection By-products Rule |
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488 | (2) |
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490 | (2) |
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492 | (1) |
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Synthetic Organic Contaminants |
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493 | (1) |
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Volatile Organic Compounds |
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493 | (1) |
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493 | (1) |
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Filter Backwash Recycling Rule |
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494 | (1) |
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Regulatory Compliance Requirements |
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494 | (13) |
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495 | (1) |
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496 | (1) |
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497 | (1) |
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497 | (4) |
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501 | (1) |
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502 | (1) |
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Consumer Confidence Reports |
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503 | (1) |
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504 | (1) |
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Operator Certification Guidance and Grants |
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504 | (1) |
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505 | (2) |
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507 | (6) |
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507 | (2) |
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Fines, Penalties, and Injunctive Relief |
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509 | (1) |
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State Primacy Authorities Related to Enforcement |
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510 | (1) |
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511 | (2) |
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Private Tort and Nuisance Actions |
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513 | (1) |
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514 | (1) |
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Special Provisions Relating to the Sale of Drinking Water and Its Use in Food |
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514 | (2) |
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514 | (1) |
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Drinking Water Used as a Food Ingredient |
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515 | (1) |
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516 | (1) |
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516 | (1) |
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Homeland Security Presidential Directives |
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516 | (1) |
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Security Enhancements, Research, and Technology |
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517 | (1) |
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Funding and Grant Programs |
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|
517 | (2) |
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519 | (1) |
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Underground Injection Program |
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519 | (2) |
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520 | (1) |
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520 | (1) |
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|
521 | (2) |
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523 | (1) |
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|
523 | (16) |
|
Chapter 9 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act |
|
|
539 | (74) |
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|
539 | (3) |
|
CERCLA's History and Objectives |
|
|
539 | (2) |
|
Overview of CERCLA's Provisions |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
|
542 | (5) |
|
Hazardous Substance and Pollutant or Contaminant |
|
|
542 | (2) |
|
Release or Threat of Release |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
National Contingency Plan |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
CERCLA's Remedial Provisions |
|
|
547 | (10) |
|
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
Categories of Response Actions |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
Steps in the Remedial Process |
|
|
548 | (9) |
|
CERCLA's Liability Provisions |
|
|
557 | (31) |
|
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
CERCLA's Operative Concepts |
|
|
557 | (4) |
|
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
Identifying Responsible Parties |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
Response Cost Recovery Actions |
|
|
562 | (11) |
|
CERCLA Section 106 Abatement Actions |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
CERCLA Section 106 Administrative Orders |
|
|
574 | (3) |
|
|
|
577 | (4) |
|
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
Natural Resources Damages |
|
|
582 | (4) |
|
|
|
586 | (2) |
|
|
|
588 | (6) |
|
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
Consent Decrees and Consent Orders |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
|
|
590 | (4) |
|
Release Reporting Requirements |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
|
596 | (2) |
|
|
|
598 | (15) |
|
Chapter 10 National Environmental Policy Act |
|
|
613 | (60) |
|
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
|
614 | (2) |
|
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
Council on Environmental Quality |
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
Requirements for Federal Agencies |
|
|
616 | (6) |
|
|
|
617 | (3) |
|
Relationship to Other Federal Laws |
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
Strategic Approaches to NEPA Compliance |
|
|
622 | (6) |
|
Nonmajor Actions (Categorical Exclusions) |
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
|
|
624 | (2) |
|
Integrating Long-Range Planning and NEPA |
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
Environmental Assessments |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
|
628 | (10) |
|
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
Scoping and Early Coordination |
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
Use of the EA and Applicant's Information |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
|
|
631 | (2) |
|
Commenting and Public Involvement |
|
|
633 | (2) |
|
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
Proposals for Legislation |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
|
|
636 | (2) |
|
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
NEPA's Extraterritorial Application |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
|
|
639 | (2) |
|
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
|
|
642 | (3) |
|
CEQ Study of NEPA's Effectiveness |
|
|
645 | (2) |
|
|
|
647 | (2) |
|
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
|
|
649 | (4) |
|
|
|
650 | (1) |
|
Coordination Plan Required |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
Purpose and Need Statement |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
Environmental Review Process |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
Statute of Limitations on Challenges |
|
|
653 | (1) |
|
Delegation of Categorical Exclusions |
|
|
653 | (1) |
|
|
|
653 | (11) |
|
Establishing Categorical Exclusions |
|
|
654 | (2) |
|
Consideration of the Effects of Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions |
|
|
656 | (6) |
|
NEPA Mitigation and Monitoring |
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
|
|
664 | (9) |
|
Chapter 11 Climate Change and Environmental Law |
|
|
673 | (52) |
|
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
|
|
674 | (36) |
|
The Obama Administration and the U.S. Congress |
|
|
674 | (3) |
|
|
|
677 | (8) |
|
|
|
685 | (6) |
|
|
|
691 | (3) |
|
Environmental Impact Assessment Law |
|
|
694 | (7) |
|
State and Regional Climate Change Regimes |
|
|
701 | (3) |
|
|
|
704 | (6) |
|
|
|
710 | (8) |
|
|
|
710 | (2) |
|
|
|
712 | (2) |
|
|
|
714 | (2) |
|
|
|
716 | (2) |
|
|
|
718 | (7) |
|
Chapter 12 Toxic Substances Control Act |
|
|
725 | (82) |
|
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
Activities Subject to TSCA |
|
|
726 | (3) |
|
|
|
726 | (1) |
|
|
|
727 | (1) |
|
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
|
|
729 | (5) |
|
Initial Compilation of the Inventory |
|
|
729 | (2) |
|
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
Maintaining and Updating the Inventory Database |
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
|
|
734 | (9) |
|
|
|
735 | (1) |
|
Exclusions from PMN Requirements |
|
|
736 | (1) |
|
Exemptions from PMN Requirements |
|
|
736 | (6) |
|
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
Preparing the PMN and Seeing It through EPA |
|
|
743 | (3) |
|
Manufacturer's PMN Selection Strategy |
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
Avoiding Unnecessary Regulation under TSCA § 5 |
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
EPA's Review of the PMN and Use of Checklists |
|
|
746 | (1) |
|
Regulation of New Chemicals and Uses |
|
|
746 | (8) |
|
EPA Regulation under TSCA § 5(e) |
|
|
746 | (3) |
|
EPA Regulation under TSCA § 5(f) |
|
|
749 | (1) |
|
Significant New Use Rules |
|
|
750 | (4) |
|
|
|
754 | (4) |
|
1986 Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology Products |
|
|
754 | (1) |
|
Guidance Documents on PMN Submissions for Biotechnology Products |
|
|
754 | (1) |
|
The EPA Biotechnology PMN Review Process |
|
|
755 | (1) |
|
EPA's Biotechnology Policy: The Final Rule |
|
|
755 | (3) |
|
|
|
758 | (8) |
|
Selection of Chemicals for Testing |
|
|
758 | (1) |
|
|
|
759 | (1) |
|
Tests and Studies under TSCA § 4 |
|
|
760 | (2) |
|
|
|
762 | (1) |
|
|
|
763 | (1) |
|
|
|
764 | (1) |
|
TSCA § 4(f) Findings of Significant Risk |
|
|
765 | (1) |
|
Reporting and Retention of Information |
|
|
766 | (5) |
|
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
TSCA § 8(c) Records of Significant Adverse Reactions |
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
TSCA § 8(d) Health and Safety Studies |
|
|
768 | (2) |
|
TSCA § 8(e) Substantial Risk Information |
|
|
770 | (1) |
|
Existing Chemical Regulation |
|
|
771 | (5) |
|
Procedures and Standards for TSCA § 6 Regulation |
|
|
772 | (1) |
|
Chemical-Specific Regulations |
|
|
772 | (4) |
|
Relationship between TSCA and Other Laws |
|
|
776 | (2) |
|
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) |
|
|
777 | (1) |
|
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) |
|
|
777 | (1) |
|
TSCA's Relationship to Other Federal Laws |
|
|
777 | (1) |
|
TSCA Preemption of State and Local Laws |
|
|
778 | (1) |
|
TSCA Inspections and Enforcement |
|
|
778 | (12) |
|
|
|
779 | (2) |
|
|
|
781 | (7) |
|
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
|
|
789 | (1) |
|
Citizen Actions and Petitions |
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
Importation and Exportation |
|
|
790 | (5) |
|
Import Regulation: TSCA § 13 |
|
|
791 | (2) |
|
Export Regulation: TSCA § 12 |
|
|
793 | (2) |
|
|
|
795 | (2) |
|
|
|
796 | (1) |
|
|
|
797 | (1) |
|
|
|
797 | (10) |
|
|
|
807 | (62) |
|
Background to the Federal Regulation of Pesticides |
|
|
807 | (3) |
|
|
|
807 | (1) |
|
Early Efforts at Pesticide Regulations |
|
|
808 | (1) |
|
Pesticide Regulation Transferred to the Environmental Protection Agency |
|
|
809 | (1) |
|
Overview of FIFRA and Amendments |
|
|
810 | (2) |
|
Organization of the Pesticide Program within EPA |
|
|
810 | (1) |
|
Background to FIFRA and the 1972 FEPCA |
|
|
811 | (1) |
|
Subsequent FIFRA Amendments: An Overview |
|
|
811 | (1) |
|
|
|
812 | (9) |
|
Definition of Pesticides, Pests, and Devices |
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
Pesticide Registration Procedures |
|
|
813 | (2) |
|
|
|
815 | (1) |
|
Streamlining of Reregistration |
|
|
816 | (1) |
|
Registration of "Me-Too" Pesticides |
|
|
816 | (1) |
|
|
|
817 | (1) |
|
Categorical Pesticide Review |
|
|
817 | (1) |
|
|
|
817 | (1) |
|
Modifications and Transfers of Registrations |
|
|
818 | (1) |
|
|
|
818 | (1) |
|
"Featherbedding" or "Me-Too" Registrants |
|
|
819 | (2) |
|
Essentiality in Registration |
|
|
821 | (1) |
|
Control over Pesticide Usage |
|
|
821 | (3) |
|
Statutory Basis for Control over Pesticide Usage through Certification |
|
|
822 | (1) |
|
Self-Certification of Private Applicators |
|
|
823 | (1) |
|
|
|
823 | (1) |
|
Two-House Congressional Veto over EPA Regulations |
|
|
824 | (1) |
|
Removal of Pesticides from the Market |
|
|
824 | (9) |
|
|
|
824 | (1) |
|
|
|
825 | (3) |
|
Misbranding and Stop-Sale Orders |
|
|
828 | (1) |
|
International Effect of EPA Cancellations |
|
|
828 | (1) |
|
|
|
829 | (1) |
|
Compensation for Canceled Pesticides |
|
|
829 | (1) |
|
|
|
830 | (1) |
|
Requirements of Consultation by EPA with USDA |
|
|
831 | (1) |
|
Economic Impact on Agriculture Statement |
|
|
831 | (1) |
|
Scientific Advisory Committees |
|
|
832 | (1) |
|
Administrative and Judicial Review |
|
|
833 | (3) |
|
Scope of the Administrator's Flexibility |
|
|
833 | (1) |
|
Standing for Registration, Appeals, and Subpoenas |
|
|
834 | (1) |
|
|
|
835 | (1) |
|
The Role of Public Hearings |
|
|
836 | (1) |
|
Role of States and Localities |
|
|
836 | (4) |
|
|
|
837 | (1) |
|
|
|
837 | (1) |
|
Federal Preemption and State Authority |
|
|
838 | (2) |
|
|
|
840 | (3) |
|
|
|
840 | (1) |
|
Labels in Theory and Practice |
|
|
841 | (1) |
|
|
|
842 | (1) |
|
|
|
843 | (1) |
|
|
|
843 | (2) |
|
|
|
845 | (2) |
|
|
|
845 | (1) |
|
Hogtie the EPA: 1975 Amendments to FIFRA |
|
|
845 | (1) |
|
Data Compensation Changed: 1978 Amendments to FIFRA |
|
|
845 | (1) |
|
Two-House Veto: 1980 Amendments to FIFRA |
|
|
846 | (1) |
|
FIFRA Lite: 1988 Amendments to FIFRA |
|
|
846 | (1) |
|
Minor Pesticide Uses: 1990 Amendments to FIFRA |
|
|
846 | (1) |
|
Bye-Bye Delaney: 1996 Amendments to FIFRA |
|
|
846 | (1) |
|
Fees and Timetables: 2003 PRIA Amendments to FIFRA |
|
|
846 | (1) |
|
Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996 |
|
|
847 | (3) |
|
Regulatory Dilemma under the Delaney Clause |
|
|
847 | (1) |
|
|
|
847 | (1) |
|
|
|
848 | (1) |
|
|
|
848 | (1) |
|
|
|
849 | (1) |
|
|
|
849 | (1) |
|
Pesticide Regulation under Other Federal Statutes |
|
|
850 | (5) |
|
|
|
850 | (2) |
|
Clean Air Act of 1970 and Its Progeny |
|
|
852 | (1) |
|
Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 |
|
|
852 | (1) |
|
Solid Waste Disposal Acts |
|
|
853 | (1) |
|
Occupational Safety and Health Act |
|
|
854 | (1) |
|
Federal Hazardous Substances Act |
|
|
854 | (1) |
|
Federal Pesticide Monitoring Programs |
|
|
854 | (1) |
|
National Environmental Policy Act |
|
|
855 | (1) |
|
|
|
855 | (14) |
|
The Promise and Fear of Biotechnology |
|
|
856 | (1) |
|
The Initial Controversy over Regulating Biotechnology |
|
|
857 | (1) |
|
"Frankenfood" Enforcement |
|
|
858 | (1) |
|
|
|
858 | (11) |
|
Chapter 14 Pollution Prevention Act |
|
|
869 | (24) |
|
|
|
869 | (1) |
|
Federal Pollution Prevention Strategy |
|
|
870 | (18) |
|
|
|
870 | (1) |
|
EPA's Pollution Prevention Strategy |
|
|
871 | (1) |
|
EPA's Pollution Prevention Programs in the 1990s |
|
|
871 | (11) |
|
EPA's Pollution Prevention Programs After 2000 |
|
|
882 | (6) |
|
State Pollution Prevention Programs |
|
|
888 | (2) |
|
Mandatory Waste Reduction Programs |
|
|
888 | (1) |
|
Multimedia Permit Programs and Other Regulatory Innovations |
|
|
889 | (1) |
|
Voluntary Technical Assistance Programs |
|
|
890 | (1) |
|
|
|
890 | (1) |
|
|
|
890 | (3) |
|
Chapter 15 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act |
|
|
893 | (42) |
|
|
|
893 | (1) |
|
Emergency Planning and Notification |
|
|
894 | (10) |
|
State Commissions, Planning Districts, and Local Committees (Section 301) |
|
|
894 | (2) |
|
Substances and Facilities Covered and Notification (Section 302) |
|
|
896 | (1) |
|
Comprehensive Emergency Response Plans (Section 303) |
|
|
897 | (1) |
|
Emergency Notification in the Event of a Release (Section 304) |
|
|
898 | (6) |
|
Emergency Training and Review of Emergency Systems (Section 305) |
|
|
904 | (1) |
|
|
|
904 | (18) |
|
Material Safety Data Sheet Reporting Requirements (Section 311) |
|
|
904 | (3) |
|
Hazardous Chemical Inventory Form Reporting Requirements (Section 312) |
|
|
907 | (3) |
|
Toxic Chemical Release Reporting Requirements (Section 313) |
|
|
910 | (11) |
|
Common EPCRA Compliance Errors |
|
|
921 | (1) |
|
Relationship to Other Laws (Section 321) |
|
|
922 | (1) |
|
Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 |
|
|
922 | (1) |
|
Trade Secrets (Sections 322 and 323) |
|
|
923 | (1) |
|
Public Access to Information (Section 324) |
|
|
924 | (1) |
|
Enforcement (Section 325) |
|
|
924 | (2) |
|
Emergency Planning Violations |
|
|
924 | (1) |
|
Emergency Notification Violations |
|
|
924 | (1) |
|
Section 311 Reporting Violations |
|
|
925 | (1) |
|
Section 312 and 313 Reporting Violations |
|
|
925 | (1) |
|
Section 322 and 323 Trade-Secret Violations |
|
|
925 | (1) |
|
Civil Actions (Section 326) |
|
|
926 | (2) |
|
|
|
926 | (2) |
|
State or Local Government Suits |
|
|
928 | (1) |
|
|
|
928 | (1) |
|
Federal Acquisition and Community Right to Know |
|
|
928 | (1) |
|
Internet Development and TRI Reporting |
|
|
929 | (1) |
|
|
|
930 | (5) |
|
Chapter 16 Occupational Safety and Health Act |
|
|
935 | (50) |
|
|
|
935 | (2) |
|
Comparison of OSHA and EPA |
|
|
936 | (1) |
|
|
|
936 | (1) |
|
|
|
937 | (4) |
|
|
|
938 | (1) |
|
|
|
938 | (1) |
|
|
|
939 | (1) |
|
Mine Safety and Health Administration |
|
|
940 | (1) |
|
Telecommuting and Home Workplaces |
|
|
940 | (1) |
|
|
|
941 | (3) |
|
Areas Covered by the OSHA Standards |
|
|
941 | (1) |
|
|
|
942 | (1) |
|
Overview of Health Standards |
|
|
943 | (1) |
|
Overview of Safety Standards |
|
|
943 | (1) |
|
|
|
944 | (8) |
|
Consensus Standards: Section 6(a) |
|
|
945 | (1) |
|
Standards Completion and Deletion Processes |
|
|
946 | (1) |
|
Permanent Standards: Section 6(b) |
|
|
946 | (2) |
|
Emergency Temporary Standards |
|
|
948 | (1) |
|
General Duty Clause, 5(a)(1) |
|
|
949 | (1) |
|
Feasibility and the Balancing Debate |
|
|
949 | (3) |
|
Struggling for Standards: Popcorn Lungs and Cranes |
|
|
952 | (1) |
|
|
|
952 | (1) |
|
|
|
953 | (1) |
|
|
|
953 | (1) |
|
Compliance and Inspections |
|
|
953 | (5) |
|
|
|
954 | (1) |
|
|
|
954 | (1) |
|
Training and Competence of Inspectors |
|
|
954 | (1) |
|
Citations, Fines, and Penalties |
|
|
955 | (1) |
|
OSHA Citation and Penalty Patterns |
|
|
955 | (2) |
|
Communicating and Enforcing Company Rules |
|
|
957 | (1) |
|
Warrantless Inspections: The Barlow Case |
|
|
957 | (1) |
|
|
|
958 | (3) |
|
|
|
958 | (1) |
|
Monitoring and Medical Records |
|
|
959 | (1) |
|
|
|
960 | (1) |
|
|
|
960 | (1) |
|
|
|
960 | (1) |
|
Refusal to Work and Whistle-Blowing |
|
|
961 | (2) |
|
|
|
961 | (1) |
|
Protection of Whistle-Blowing |
|
|
961 | (2) |
|
Federal and State Employees |
|
|
963 | (1) |
|
|
|
963 | (1) |
|
|
|
963 | (1) |
|
|
|
964 | (1) |
|
|
|
964 | (1) |
|
|
|
964 | (1) |
|
|
|
965 | (2) |
|
|
|
966 | (1) |
|
|
|
966 | (1) |
|
|
|
967 | (1) |
|
|
|
968 | (1) |
|
|
|
968 | (1) |
|
Limitations of the Commission |
|
|
968 | (1) |
|
|
|
969 | (1) |
|
|
|
969 | (1) |
|
|
|
969 | (1) |
|
Hazard Communication Regulation |
|
|
970 | (5) |
|
Reason for the Regulation |
|
|
970 | (1) |
|
|
|
971 | (1) |
|
|
|
972 | (1) |
|
|
|
973 | (1) |
|
Federal Preemption Controversy |
|
|
974 | (1) |
|
|
|
975 | (3) |
|
|
|
975 | (1) |
|
|
|
976 | (1) |
|
|
|
977 | (1) |
|
|
|
978 | (7) |
|
Chapter 17 Environmental Management Systems and Environmental Law |
|
|
985 | (40) |
|
|
|
985 | (1) |
|
Legal Relevance of Environmental Management Systems |
|
|
986 | (8) |
|
|
|
986 | (1) |
|
EMSs, Enforcement Discretion, and Penalty Mitigation |
|
|
987 | (2) |
|
EMS and Regulatory Initiatives |
|
|
989 | (2) |
|
|
|
991 | (2) |
|
International Considerations |
|
|
993 | (1) |
|
Environmental Management Systems |
|
|
994 | (21) |
|
Review of Selected Provisions of an Effective EMS from a Legal Perspective |
|
|
996 | (19) |
|
|
|
1015 | (1) |
|
|
|
1016 | (9) |
| Index |
|
1025 | |
